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§ 1. Equal rights. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable natural rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

History: Adopted by convention, July 29, 1859; ratified by electors, October 4, 1859; L. 1861, p. 47.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

Concerning equal protection prohibiting a state from cancelling voter registration for failure to vote, 21 K.L.R. 224, 235 (1973).

The 1973 Kansas School District Equalization Act by James L. McNish, 22 K.L.R. 229, 235 (1974).

"Automobile Guest Statutes—The Recent Cases," James M. Armstrong, 23 K.L.R. 93, 95 (1974).

Governmental immunity statutes and first Brown decision (Brown v. Wichita State University, 217 Kan. 279), Nancy Scherer, 15 W.L.J. 155, 157 (1976).

"Governmental Immunity: Despotic Mantle or Creature of Necessity," Philip A. Harley and Bruce Wasinger, 16 W.L.J. 13, 22, 40 (1976).

"Constitutional Law: Governmental Immunity Statute Violates Equal Protection as Applied to Kansas Turnpike Authority," Robert G. Martin, 19 W.L.J. 581, 584 (1980).

"Computers in the Private Sector: Right to Informational Privacy for the Consumer," John Barlow Spear, 22 W.L.J. 469, 480 (1983).

"Water Law—Kansas Water Appropriation Act—Water May Not Be Appropriated Without the Approval of the Chief Engineer," Gary H. Hanson, 31 K.L.R. 342, 349 (1983).

"Deep Horizons—Legislative Shifting of the Burden of Proof in Implied Covenant Cases," John H. Lundgren, 24 W.L.J. 30 (1984).

"The Collateral Source Rule—The American Medical Association and Tort Reform," Banks McDowell, 24 W.L.J. 205, 218 (1985).

"Practical and Constitutional Challenges to the 1985 Kansas Medical Malpractice Legislation," Edward J. Guiducci and Keith L. Mark, 25 W.L.J. 304, 313, 314 (1986).

"Interpreting the State Constitution: A Survey and Assessment of Current Methodology," Steve McAllister, 35 K.L.R. 593, 606 (1987).

"K.S.A. 60-3412: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Kansas' Hired Gun Law," Jay Thomas, 11 J.K.T.L.A. No. 4, 18, 19 (1988).

"New Federalism, Old Due Process, and Retroactive Revival: Constitutional Problems with CERCLA's Amendment of State Law," Alfred R. Light, 40 K.L.R. 365, 397 (1992).

"Is K.S.A. 40-3403(d) Constitutional?" Randall E. Fisher and Paul B. Weeks, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 18, No. 5, 15 (1995).

"Equal Protection: The Kansas Supreme Court Upholds Constitutionality of Tax Rate Disparity," Stephanie L. Pierce, 37 W.L.J. 203 (1997).

"Workers Compensation Law: Constitutionality of the 1993 Kansas Workers Compensation Act," Nicole M. Zomberg, 37 W.L.J. 829 (1998).

Survey of Recent Cases, 46 K.L.R. 922, 924 (1998).

"The Kansas Sexually Violent Predator Act—Post Hendricks," Hon. Tom Malone, 67 J.K.B.A. No. 2, 36 (1998).

"The Kansas Bill of Rights: 'Glittering Generalities' or Legal Authority," Kirk Redmond and David Miller, 69 J.K.B.A. No. 8, 18 (2000).

"Home Field Advantage—Protecting Kansas Students Equally," Kyle J. Steadman, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 24, No. 2, 4 (2000).

"Victim's Rights Versus Special Interest: A Difficult Choice for the Kansas Legislature in Its Fight to Abrogate the Collateral Source Rule," Melinda Young, 45 W.L.J. 135 (2005).

"Gunfight at the K-12 Corral: Legislative vs. Judicial Power in the Kansas School Finance Litigation," Richard E. Levy, 54 K.L.R. 1021 (2006).

"Improperly Divorced from Its Roots: The Rationales of the Collateral Source Rule and Their Implications for Medicare and Medicaid Write-Off," Guillermo Gabriel Zorogastua, 55 K.L.R. 463 (2007).

Emma Leonard, Solitary Confinement Rights: Pushing Toward a Sandin Baseline for Kansas, 72 U. Kan. L. Rev. 653 (2024).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Cities of the first class; public utilities; liability of board of public utilities and its employees for certain acts and omissions. 80-233.

Taxation; property exempt from taxation; business aircraft. 83-175.

Records open to public; conviction records of certain traffic offenses; closed to public. 83-185.

Licensure of vehicle dealers and manufacturers; brokers. 87-126.

Agricultural corporations; prohibition against certain corporations owning agricultural land; exemption. 88-47.

SDEA; determination of state entitlements; equal protection. 88-90.

Parimutuel racing; county fair association personnel; wagering on or participating in horse race meetings. 88-131.

Capital outlay levy; use of proceeds; procedure; constitutionality. 90-79.

Taxes levied annually for motor vehicle registration; due date. 90-100.

KPERS; employment after retirement; compensation limit; exemptions; constitutionality. 91-13.

KPERS; election by elected officials to continue membership after service terminates; constitutionality. 91-14.

Election to continue participation in retirement system by certain judges; constitutionality; payments from KPERS fund; procedures; overpayments. 91-76.

Organization order for unified school district; affirmative action contracting program. 92-3.

Independent nominations; petitions; candidates for president and vice-president; substitution of vice-president candidate. 92-66.

Early retirement incentive programs; classification of school personnel; constitutionality. 92-82.

Prohibition of certain licensees and agencies qualifying as providers of assessment/referral services; constitutionality. 93-21.

City hospitals; home rule powers; charter ordinances. 93-49.

Crime victims compensation board; definitions; criminally injurious conduct; use of motor vehicle. 94-41.

Property tax accumulated interest amnesty program in Wyandotte county; uniform operation of law; constitutionality. 94-89.

National and state banks; tax imposed; net income defined. 94-156.

KPERS; postretirement benefit increase after June 30, 1994; exemption of retired legislators. 95-2.

General powers of boards of education; use of school property; community purposes; fees. 95-16.

Community college board of trustees; prohibition on members (K.S.A. 71-1403). 95-69.

Advance voting ballot, death of voter prior to canvassing of ballot. 2002-15.

There is no life, liberty and property interest in public office that is protected by due process. 2002-54.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Act regulating weighing of coal not in conflict herewith. The State v. Wilson, 7 Kan. App. 428, 432, 53 P. 371.

2. Payment of wages of employees by corporations; act constitutional. The State v. Haun, 7 Kan. App. 509, 518, 54 P.130. Reversed: 61 Kan. 146, 59 P. 340.

3. Not collection of generalities, but affirmation of sovereignty of people. Atchison Street Rly. Co. v. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co., 31 Kan. 660, 3 P. 284.

4. Legislative investigating committee not given power to imprison for contempt. In re Davis, 58 Kan. 368, 373, 49 P. 160.

5. Act providing attorney's fee in certain actions against railroads, valid. Railroad Co. v. Matthews, 58 Kan. 447, 49 P. 602. Affirmed: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. Co. v. Matthews, 174 U.S. 96, 19 S. Ct. 609, 43 L. Ed. 909.

6. Levy of fire tax excluding railroad property contravenes this section. Railway Co. v. Clerk, 60 Kan. 826, 58 P. 477.

7. Ordinance declaring place nuisance where persons resort to "drink," valid. Topeka v. Raynor, 61 Kan. 10, 58 P. 557.

8. Not violated by act requiring water-supply companies to file statements. Leavenworth v. Water Co., 62 Kan. 643, 647, 64 P. 66.

9. Act creating board of medical registration and examination held valid. The State v. Wilcox, 64 Kan. 789, 790, 68 P. 634.

10. Declaring places common nuisances, etc., where intoxicating liquor sold, valid. The State v. McManus, 65 Kan. 720, 722, 70 P. 700.

11. Act prohibiting discharging employee because member of labor organization, void. Brick Co. v. Perry, 69 Kan. 297, 299, 76 P. 848.

12. Act prescribing rates and regulating charges of public stockyards, valid. Ratcliff v. Stockyards Co., 74 Kan. 1, 6, 86 P. 150.

13. Legislature may authorize charter board to regulate establishment of banks. Schaake v. Dolley, 85 Kan. 598, 600, 118 P. 80.

14. Employer may contract with employee concerning membership in labor organization. The State v. Coppage, 87 Kan. 752, 125 P. 8. Reversed: Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1, 23, 35 S. Ct. 240, 59 L.Ed. 441.

15. Inheritance tax law of 1909 does not violate this section. The State, ex rel., v. Cline, 91 Kan. 416, 425, 137 P. 932.

16. Act requiring bathhouses at coal mines held valid. The State v. Reaser, 93 Kan. 628, 629, 145 P. 838.

17. Orders of drainage district board must be reasonable. Drainage District v. Railway Co., 99 Kan. 188, 161 P. 937.

18. Trading stamps; prohibitory license tax; act constitutional. The State v. Wilson, 101 Kan. 789, 795, 796, 168 P. 679.

19. Statute establishing industrial farm for women is constitutional. In re Dunkerton, 104 Kan. 481, 179 P. 347; The State v. Adams, 106 Kan. 278, 187 P. 667.

20. Farm crossing over railroad right-of-way; compensation; act unconstitutional. Chamberlain v. Railway Co., 107 Kan. 341, 344, 191 P. 261.

21. Power of utilities commission to abrogate contracts of public utility. Railroad and Light Co. v. Court of Industrial Relations, 113 Kan. 217, 229, 214 P. 797.

22. Requiring pawnbroker to keep register and thumb prints of seller does not contravene section. City of Wichita v. Wolkow, 110 Kan. 127, 202 P. 632.

23. Soldiers' bonus bill is not in violation of section. State, ex rel., v. Davis, 113 Kan. 4, 213 P. 171.

24. Statutes requiring railroads to make and maintain cattle guards at crossings does not violate section. Railroad Co. v. Public Utilities Comm., 115 Kan. 545, 224 P. 51.

25. On condemnation of school site consequential damages need not be paid to adjoining landowners. Mayfield v. Board of Education, 118 Kan. 138, 233 P. 1024.

26. Disbarment of attorney after conviction of crime does not violate section. In re Casebier, 129 Kan. 853, 855, 284 P. 611.

27. Prohibition of unnecessary Sunday labor held not to violate section. State v. Blair, 130 Kan. 863, 864, 288 P. 729.

28. Sunday labor laws, K.S.A. 21-952, 21-955 held constitutional. State v. Haining, 131 Kan. 853, 855, 293 P. 952.

29. Division of state highway system into country roads and city streets is a reasonable classification. State, ex rel. , v. State Highway Comm., 136 Kan. 652, 654, 17 P.2d 839.

30. Act authorizing bank commissioner to withdraw approval of securities without notice or hearing, and no standard to guide his official action, is unconstitutional. Cities Service Co. v. Koeneke, 137 Kan. 7, 18, 20 P.2d 460.

31. Lack of notice requirement in workmen's compensation act considered. Schmeling v. F.W. Woolworth Co., 137 Kan. 573, 580, 21 P.2d 337. Rehearing denied: 138 Kan. 281, 282, 26 P.2d 265.

32. Act prohibiting sale of merchandise by public utilities void. Capital Gas & Electric Co. v. Boynton, 137 Kan. 717, 726, 22 P.2d 958.

33. Cited in holding city ordinance regulating keeping of cats invalid. Smith v. Steinrauf, 140 Kan. 407, 410, 36 P.2d 995.

34. Wyandotte county grand jury act violates this section. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 140 Kan. 744, 750, 39 P.2d 286.

35. Workmen's compensation; refusal to continue hearing after neutral physician testified sustained. Baker v. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Co., 145 Kan. 273, 277, 65 P.2d 284.

36. Ordinance regulating use of streets by oil transport trucks held valid. Ash v. Gibson, 145 Kan. 825, 827, 67 P.2d 1101.

37. Discussed in upholding suspension of cream-buying superintendent's license by dairy commissioner. Limpp v. Dodge, 146 Kan. 948, 951, 73 P.2d 1001.

38. Property owner has no vested right in name of street. Brown v. City of Topeka, 146 Kan. 974, 975, 981, 74 P.2d 142.

39. Denial of issuance of 3.2 beer license is not denial of "right." Johnson v. Reno County Comm'rs, 147 Kan. 211, 213, 224, 75 P.2d 849.

40. Statute avoiding unrecorded instruments conveying mineral rights (K.S.A. 79-420) held valid. Hushaw v. Kansas Farmers' Union Royalty Co., 149 Kan. 64, 66, 68, 74, 86 P.2d 559.

41. Eminent domain statute (K.S.A. 12-639) providing no prospective or anticipated damages held valid. Loomis v. City of Augusta, 151 Kan. 343, 345, 347, 99 P.2d 988.

42. Filled-milk statute (K.S.A. 65-707, paragraph 2, subdivision F) held constitutional. Carolene Products Co. v. Mohler, 152 Kan. 2, 4, 102 P.2d 1044; State, ex rel., v. Sage Stores Co., 157 Kan. 404, 408, 141 P.2d 655. Rehearing denied: 157 Kan. 622, 143 P.2d 652.

43. School board cannot provide departmentalized junior high school for white children only. Graham v. Board of Education, 153 Kan. 840, 841, 114 P.2d 313.

44. Cited; denial of equal rights by labor union violated federal constitution. Betts v. Easley, 161 Kan. 459, 463, 169 P.2d 831.

45. K.S.A. 44-504 limiting time for widow to bring wrongful death action valid. Elam v. Bruenger, 165 Kan. 31, 34, 40, 193 P.2d 225.

46. Act authorizing combined waterworks and sewage disposal systems held valid. City of Lawrence v. Robb, 175 Kan. 495, 498, 504, 505, 265 P.2d 317.

47. Kansas turnpike authority act (K.S.A. 68-2001 through 68-2020) does not contravene section. State, ex rel., v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 176 Kan. 683, 700, 273 P.2d 198.

48. Act pertaining to water supply and distribution districts (Chapter 19, Article 35) valid. Water District No. 1 v. Robb, 182 Kan. 2, 17, 318 P.2d 387.

49. Mentioned; fair trade act held unconstitutional in part. Quality Oil Co. v. du Pont & Co., 182 Kan. 488, 491, 322 P.2d 731.

50. Statute (K.S.A. 41-407) making it unlawful to evade liquor tax held valid. State v. Payne, 183 Kan. 396, 397, 398, 404, 327 P.2d 1071.

51. A criminal statute, which neither requires a criminal intent, nor defines with exactness the act forbidden, and has indefinite exceptions, is unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Fleming Co., 184 Kan. 674, 682, 683, 339 P.2d 12.

52. Garnishment statute barring remedy to collection agency (K.S.A. 64-3495) constitutional. Miller v. Keeling, 185 Kan. 623, 625, 627, 628, 347 P.2d 424.

53. Attorney general properly superseded county attorney by intervening in original supreme court action. State, ex rel. , v. City of Kansas City, 186 Kan. 190, 193, 350 P.2d 37. Certiorari denied: 363 U.S. 831, 80 S. Ct. 1598, 4 L.Ed.2d 1525.

54. "New Goods Public Auction Law" unreasonable, arbitrary, discriminatory, prohibitory and unconstitutional. Gilbert v. Matthews, 186 Kan. 672, 677, 686, 352 P.2d 58.

55. Refusal to take chemical test for intoxication under K.S.A. 8-1001; driver's license revoked; proceedings and statute valid. Lee v. State, 187 Kan. 566, 569, 358 P.2d 765.

56. Corporation commission's order requiring ratable taking of gas by all purchasing companies issued under K.S.A. 55-703 upheld. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 351, 354, 362 P.2d 609. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 355, 360, 362 P.2d 599. Rehearing denied: 188 Kan. 624, 364 P.2d 668. Reversed: 372 U.S. 84, 83 S. Ct. 646, 9 L.Ed. 601.

57. Act authorizing city to extend its credit for promotion of private industry (K.S.A. 12-1740 through 12-1749) does not violate section. State, ex rel., v. City of Pittsburg, 188 Kan. 612, 621, 364 P.2d 71.

58. Sunday closing act (K.S.A. 21-955, 21-956) in violation of this and other sections of Kansas and United States constitutions. State v. Hill, 189 Kan. 403, 405, 407, 369 P.2d 365.

59. Various federal and state constitutional objections to Water Appropriation Act (82a-701 et seq.) considered; act valid. Williams v. City of Wichita, 190 Kan. 317, 318, 340, 374 P.2d 578. Dismissed: 375 U.S. 7, 84 S. Ct. 46, 11 L.Ed.2d 38.

60. Every qualified elector of the several counties is possessed with equal power in making laws. Harris v. Shanahan, 192 Kan. 183, 187, 204, 387 P.2d 771.

61. Discussed; "Sunday Closing Law" of 1963 held invalid and unconstitutional. Boyer v. Ferguson, 192 Kan. 607, 611, 389 P.2d 775.

62. Voting rule established by Bill of Rights (dissenting opinion). Harris v. Anderson, 194 Kan. 302, 316, 345, 346, 400 P.2d 25. Certiorari denied: 382 U.S. 894, 86 S. Ct. 185, 15 L.Ed.2d 150.

63. The private club act (K.S.A. 41-2601 et seq.) not in conflict herewith. Tri-State Hotel Co. v. Londerholm, 195 Kan. 748, 751, 759, 760, 763, 408 P.2d 877.

64. Cited; upholding constitutionality of K.S.A. 50-503(a) of the dairy practices act. State, ex rel., v. Fairmont Foods Co., 196 Kan. 73, 82, 410 P.2d 308.

65. Price control of liquor under K.S.A. 41-111 et seq. not violative hereof. Laird & Company v. Cheney, 196 Kan. 675, 678, 682, 684, 414 P.2d 18. Dismissed: 385 U.S. 371, 87 S. Ct. 531, 17 L.Ed.2d 430.

66. K.S.A. 21-2611 held constitutional; Legislature has power to define what constitutes crime. State v. Bolin, 200 Kan. 369, 370, 436 P.2d 978.

67. Ordinance prohibiting huckstering and peddling invalid. Delight Wholesale v. City of Overland Park, 203 Kan. 99, 102, 463 P.2d 82.

68. Cited; guest statute (K.S.A. 8-122b) held unconstitutional; violates equal protection guarantees of United States and State Constitution. Henry v. Bauder, 213 Kan. 751, 752, 754, 518 P.2d 362.

69. Mentioned; class action against gas utility contesting legality of late charge assessments made by utility. Tennyson v. Gas Service Company, 367 F. Supp. 102, 103.

70. Referred to; erroneous judgment rendered under guest statute prior to date act held unconstitutional; trial ordered under present law. Vaughn v. Murray, 214 Kan. 456, 458, 521 P.2d 262.

71. Counterpart of section in Amendment 14 to U.S. Constitution; no-fault insurance act constitutional. Manzanares v. Bell, 214 Kan. 589, 590, 610, 617, 629, 522 P.2d 1291.

72. Governmental immunity doctrine as declared in K.S.A. 46-901, 46-902 unconstitutional and void. Brown v. Wichita State University, 217 Kan. 279, 280, 281, 295, 297, 540 P.2d 66. Reversed and remanded: 219 Kan. 2, 3, 25, 26, 28, 36, 40, 547 P.2d 1015.

73. Under facts, action against city on common law theories dismissed; governmental immunity. Bribiesca v. City of Wichita, 221 Kan. 571, 572, 561 P.2d 816.

74. Traditional classifications applied to attractive nuisance actions do not deny equal protection. Gerchberg v. Loney, 223 Kan. 446, 452, 576 P.2d 593.

75. Regulation of the sale of liquor in Class B Clubs constitutional. Woods v. Schneider, 224 Kan. 535, 581 P.2d 390.

76. Governmental immunity statute (K.S.A. 46-901) unconstitutional when applied to Kansas turnpike authority for highway defects. Flax v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 226 Kan. 1, 2, 4, 6, 14, 596 P.2d 446.

77. City ordinance prohibiting anyone from carrying firearms within city limits held unconstitutionally broad; judgment affirmed. City of Junction City v. Mevis, 226 Kan. 526, 527, 601 P.2d 1145.

78. 1979 amendments to Kansas liquor control act not violative hereof. Colby Distributing Co. v. Lennen, 227 Kan. 179, 191, 606 P.2d 102.

79. Shorter statute of limitations for tort actions against health care providers not violation of section. Stephens v. Snyder Clinic Ass'n, 230 Kan. 115, 120, 124, 127, 128, 631 P.2d 222 (1981).

80. Exemption of domestic users from Water Appropriation Act does not violate guarantee of equal rights. F. Arthur Stone & Sons v. Gibson, 230 Kan. 224, 226, 630 P.2d 1164 (1981).

81. Uniform and equal rate of taxation compared to equal protection clause or due process clause in construing port authorities act. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 404, 426, 636 P.2d 760 (1981).

82. Cited in case upholding the constitutionality of K.S.A. 44-706. Leiker v. Employment Security Bd. of Review, 8 Kan. App. 2d 379, 381, 382, 659 P.2d 236 (1983).

83. Denying good time credits for class A felony incarceration (K.S.A. 22-3717(b)) rationally related to valid legislative purpose. Olson v. Maschner, 10 Kan. App. 2d 289, 697 P.2d 893 (1985).

84. Construed as similar to 14th Amendment; industrial revenue bond 10-year tax exemption (K.S.A. 79-201a Second) constitutional. State ex rel. Tomasic v. City of Kansas City, 237 Kan. 572, 583, 701 P.2d 1314 (1985).

85. Kansas medical malpractice statute (K.S.A. 60-3401 et seq.) abrogating collateral source rule (since amended) violates equal protection clauses. Coburn By And Through Coburn v. Agustin, 627 F. Supp. 983, 984, 997 (1985).

86. Cited in opinion holding no prejudicial error in failing to inform defendant of expungement rights (K.S.A. 21-4619). Reubke v. State, 11 Kan. App. 2d 353, 356, 720 P.2d 1141 (1986).

87. Unanimity requirement of county board for incorporation of city under K.S.A. 15-123 violates neither equal protection nor substantive due process concepts. In re Application for Incorporation as City, 241 Kan. 396, 399, 736 P.2d 875 (1987).

88. Statute (K.S.A. 60-3403) abrogating collateral source rule in medical malpractice liability actions violates Kansas equal protection clause. Farley v. Engelken, 241 Kan. 663, 665, 678, 740 P.2d 1058 (1987).

89. Cited; statutes (K.S.A. 60-3407, 60-3409, 60-3411) limiting recovery in medical malpractice actions as unconstitutional examined. Kansas Malpractice Victims Coalition v. Bell, 243 Kan. 333, 335, 757 P.2d 251 (1988).

90. Ten-year limitation in K.S.A. 60-513(b) constitutional as applied to latent diseases. Tomlinson v. Celotex Corp., 244 Kan. 474, 482, 486, 770 P.2d 825 (1989).

91. Ordinance regulating ownership of pit bull dogs within city does not violate due process or equal protection rights. Hearn v. City of Overland Park, 244 Kan. 638, 772 P.2d 758 (1989).

92. Nonpecuniary damage limitations in K.S.A. 60-1903 do not violate any constitutional rights. Leiker v. Gafford, 245 Kan. 325, 359, 365, 778 P.2d 823 (1989).

93. Legislative limitation on recovery of noneconomic damages (K.S.A. 60-19a01, 60-19a02) as not violating any constitutional rights determined. Samsel v. Wheeler Transport Services, Inc., 246 Kan. 336, 347, 789 P.2d 541 (1990).

94. Actual notice to lienholder is minimum constitutional requirement in proceeding adversely affecting property interest; constitutional statute (K.S.A. 79-2111) applied unconstitutionally. Joe Self Chevrolet, Inc. v. Board of Sedgwick County Comm'rs, 247 Kan. 625, 626, 631, 638, 802 P.2d 1231 (1990).

95. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 40-2404b prohibiting unfair competition and deceptive practices in insurance industry examined and upheld. Guardian Title Co. v. Bell, 248 Kan. 146, 149, 805 P.2d 33 (1991).

96. On question certified (K.S.A. 60-3201 et seq.), K.S.A. 40-3403(h) abrogating certain common-law vicarious liability held constitutional. Bair v. Peck, 248 Kan. 824, 825, 834, 845, 811 P.2d 1176 (1991).

97. K.S.A. 40-3403(h) of health care provider insurance availability act does not violate section 1 of the Kansas Bill of Rights. Sharples v. Roberts, 249 Kan. 286, 290, 816 P.2d 390 (1991).

98. State has legitimate interest in controlling forum shopping; K.S.A. 60-606 does not violate equal protection guarantees of Kansas Constitution. Kenyon v. Kansas Power & Light Co., 17 Kan. App. 2d 205, 209, 211, 836 P.2d 1193 (1992).

99. Provisions of K.S.A. 60-3801 et seq., held to be unconstitutional and void. Thompson v. KFB Ins. Co., 252 Kan. 1010, 1016, 1023, 850 P.2d 773 (1993).

100. Disparate treatment under K.S.A. 44-510b(i) between employees with nonresident, non-citizen dependents and other employees violates equal protection clause. Jurado v. Popejoy Constr. Co., 253 Kan. 116, 126, 853 P.2d 669 (1993).

101. Whether BOTA's order denying pipeline's tax treatment granted to railroads by federal law violates equal protection examined. In re Tax Appeal of ANR Pipeline Co., 254 Kan. 534, 535, 544, 546, 866 P.2d 1060 (1994).

102. Whether defendant's exclusion from limited retroactivity provision of state sentencing guidelines violates equal protection examined. Chiles v. State, 254 Kan. 888, 891, 901, 869 P.2d 707 (1994).

103. Whether habitual offender ordinance requiring increasing fines is constitutional for repeat indigent criminal offenders examined. Wichita v. Lucero, 255 Kan. 437, 439, 443, 445, 874 P.2d 1144 (1994).

104. Whether strict scrutiny or rational basis standard applies to due process challenge to school district finance and quality performance act (L. 1992, ch. 280) examined. U.S.D. No. 229 v. State, 256 Kan. 232, 235, 259, 885 P.2d 1170 (1994).

105. Whether K.S.A. 44-510b violates equal protection by denying heirs death benefits for an employee without dependents examined. Riley v. National Mills, Inc., 19 Kan. App. 2d 541, 544, 873 P.2d 214 (1994).

106. Differential personal property tax treatment of railroad parties from other utilities does not violate due process or equal protection. In re Tax Appeal of Colorado Interstate Gas Co., 258 Kan. 310, 311, 903 P.2d 154 (1995).

107. Immunity of fund from liability for bad faith failure to settle a claim rationally related to legitimate state interest. Aves v. Shah, 258 Kan. 506, 524, 906 P.2d 642 (1995).

108. Sexually violent predator act (K.S.A. 59-29a01) does not violate equal protection (dissenting opinion). In re Care & Treatment of Hendricks, 259 Kan. 246, 283, 912 P.2d 129 (1996).

109. Imposition of K.S.A. 60-515(a) eight-year statute of repose does not violate equal protection or due process. Ripley v. Tolbert, 260 Kan. 491, 499, 921 P.2d 1210 (1996).

110. Applying separate tax rates for single and married persons does not violate due process; rational basis test applied. Peden v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 261 Kan. 239, 251, 930 P.2d 1 (1996).

111. Excise tax on platting of real property not violative of equal protection guarantee or substantive due process. Home Builders Ass'n v. City of Overland Park, 22 Kan. App. 2d 649, 671, 921 P.2d 234 (1996).

112. Disallowance under K.S.A. 40-3117 of damage amounts written off by medical provider under Medicaid contract does not violate equal protection. Bates v. Hogg, 22 Kan. App. 2d 702, 706, 921 P.2d 249 (1996).

113. K.S.A. 65-442, 40-3403 provide adequate substitute remedy for the abrogation of the plaintiffs' remedy to sue for corporate negligence. Lemuz v. Fieser, 261 Kan. 936, 937, 941, 933 P.2d 134 (1997).

114. Rule that criminal statute in effect at time crime was committed is penalty imposed does not violate equal protection. State v. Standifer, 24 Kan. App. 2d 441, 442, 946 P.2d 637 (1997).

115. Under rational/reasonable basis standard (K.S.A. 79-3606(kk)) constitutional despite unequal classification reasonably related to valid legislative objective. In re Tax Appeal of Alsop Sand Co., Inc., 265 Kan. 510, 521, 962 P.2d 435 (1998).

116. Statutory provisions (K.S.A. 12-1770 et seq.) limiting race track development to Wyandotte county and providing preferential bonding terms and condemnation compensation not violative of equal protection. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Unified Gov't of Wyandotte County/Kansas City, 265 Kan. 779, 788, 790, 793, 799, 962 P.2d 543 (1998).

117. Retroactive amendment to K.S.A. 72-8230 restricting school districts from withdrawing from interlocal agreements did not violate due process or equal protection. U.S.D. No. 443 v. Kansas State Board of Education, 266 Kan. 75, 81, 966 P.2d 68 (1998).

118. Denial of credit towards postrelease supervision period for time served beyond sentence no equal protection violation. State v. Gaudina, 284 Kan. 354, 371, 160 P.3d 854 (2007).

119. 79-32,117 does not violate the equal protection clauses of United States and Kansas Constitutions. In re Tax Appeal of Weisgerber, 285 Kan. 98, 169 P.3d 321 (2007).

120. Cited in opinion holding that juveniles have a constitutional right to jury trials. In re L.M., 286 Kan. 460, 472, 186 P.3d 164 (2008).

121. Cited; no jail time credit for time in inpatient treatment required by mandatory drug abuse treatment program. State v. Preston, 287 Kan. 181, 182, 188, 195 P.3d 240 (2008).

122. Procedure for calculating offender's criminal history score does not violate constitutional rights. State v. Fischer, 288 Kan. 470, 203 P.3d 1269 (2009).

123. Differential treatment of interim recreational trails in railbanked rights-of-way from other categories of recreational trails does not violate the constitutional provision. Board of Miami County Comm'rs v. Kanza Rail-Trails Conservancy, Inc., 292 Kan. 285, 255 P.3d 1186 (2011).

124. The statutory limit on noneconomic loss in a medical malpractice case is held not unconstitutional. Miller v. Johnson, 295 Kan. 636, 289 P.3d 1098 (2012).

125. Statute limiting setoff of payments received from workers compensation against those received from social security does not violate equal protection. Hoesli v. Triplett, Inc., 303 Kan. 358, 371, 361 P.3d 504 (2015).

126. A person has the protection of the right of personal autonomy, which allows a woman to decide whether to continue a pregnancy, and the state may only infringe upon such right if the state has a compelling interest and has narrowly tailored its actions to that interest. Hodes & Nauser, MDs, P.A. v. Schmidt, 309 Kan. 610, 440 P.3d 461 (2019).