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§ 5. Trial by jury. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.

History: Adopted by convention, July 29, 1859; ratified by electors, October 4, 1859; L. 1861, p. 48.

Cross References to Related Sections:

Grand juries, see Chapter 22, Article 30.

Trials in criminal proceedings, see Chapter 22, Article 34.

Jury service and selection of jurors, see 43-155 et seq. Trial of civil actions in district court, see 60-238, 60-239, 60-247 through 60-253.

Trial of civil actions in courts of limited jurisdiction, see 61-1716.

Right to speedy public trial by impartial jury in criminal prosecutions, see Bill of Rights, Kansas Constitution, § 10.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

Plea Bargaining-Justice Off the Record, Robert L. Heath, 9 W.L.J. 430 (1970).

Cited in comment concerning constitutionality of the six-man jury in Kansas, Jay W. Vander Velde, 12 W.L.J. 249, 250 (1973).

Civil Juries: Recent Legislation Allowing Nonunanimous Verdicts, Thomas J. Koehler, 18 W.L.J. 269, 281, 285 (1979).

Caps, 'Crisis,' and Constitutionality - Evaluating the 1986 Kansas Medical Malpractice Legislation, Elizabeth Schartz, 35 K.L.R. 763, 810 (1987).

K.S.A. 60-3412: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Kansas' Hired Gun Law, Jay Thomas, 11 J.K.T.L.A. No. 4, 18, 19 (1988).

Testing the Constitutionality of Tort Reform with a Quid Pro Quo Analysis: Is Kansas' Judicial Approach an Adequate Substitute for a More Traditional Constitutional Requirement? Jeffrey P. DeGraffenreid, 31 W.L.J. 314, 315 (1992).

The Wizardry of Harmless Error: Brain, Heart, Courage Required When Reviewing Capital Sentences, Marla L. Mitchell, 4 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y, No. 1, 51, 56 (1994).

Is K.S.A. 40-3403(d) Constitutional? Randall E. Fisher and Paul B. Weeks, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 18, No. 5, 15, 17 (1995).

Challenging and Defending Agency Actions in Kansas, Steve Leben, 64 J.K.B.A. No. 5, 22, 36 (1995).

A Primer on Punitive Damages in Kansas, Paul W. Rebein, 64 J.K.B.A. No. 9, 22, 27 (1995).

From the Capitol, Kirk Lowry, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 21, No. 1, 7 (1997).

The State's Response to Sexual Offenders, Carla Stovall, 7 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y No. 2, 29, 32 (1998).

Attorney Conducted Voir Dire: Safeguard of the Constitutional Right to an Impartial Trial by Jury, William (Trey) A. Alfred III, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 23, No. 4, 15 (2000).

The Kansas Bill of Rights: 'Glittering Generalities' or Legal Authority, Kirk Redmond and David Miller, 69 J.K.B.A. No. 8, 18 (2000).

Expert Inductive Reasoning and Frye: Weight, Not Admissibility, Chan P. Townsley, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 24, No. 4, 4 (2001).

Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman and Its Affect on the Practice of Determining Punitive Damages in Kansas, Frederick J. Ernest, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 25, No. 1, 8, 12 (2001).

Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases, 50 K.L.R. 901 (2002).

Criminal Procedure Survey of Recent Cases, Matt Corbin, Editor, 51 K.L.R. 659, 717 (2003).

Why Punitive Damages Should Be a Jury's Decision in Kansas: A Historical Perspective, Ryan Fowler, 52 K.L.R. 631 (2004).

The Kansas Residential Construction Defect Act: A Schematic Blueprint for Repairs, Wyatt A. Hoch, 74 J.K.B.A. No. 3, 20 (2005).

Lurching Toward the Light: Alternative Means and Multiple Acts Law in Kansas, Carol A. Beier, 44 W.L.J. 275 (2005).

Elect or Instruct: Presenting Evidence of Multiple Acts from Threatening Juror Unanimity in Criminal Trials, Scott R. Ediger, 74 J.K.B.A. No. 5, 28 (2005).

Bypassing the Bill of Rights—The Kansas Supreme Court's Use of Quid Pro Quo to Analyze the Inviolate Right to Trial by Jury [Miller v. Johnson, 289 P.3d 1098 (Kan. 2012)], Christopher R. Stanley, 53 W.L.J. 147 (2013).

Kicking Em' While They're Down: The Alternative Case Against Caps on Non-Economic Damages in Kansas, Dylan P. Wheeler, 59 W.L.J. 557 (2020).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Authority of personnel of community college to conduct search in on-campus student housing. 95-118.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Verdict of jury must be verdict of each individual juror. Bowman v. Wheaton, 2 Kan. App. 581, 584, 44 P. 750.

2. Superadded conditions of recognizance not cause for dismissal on appeal. City of Kansas City v. Hescher, 4 Kan. App. 782, 792, 46 P. 1005.

3. Applied only to cases so triable at common law. Kimball et al. v. Connor, Starks et al., 3 Kan. 414, 432.

4. In quo warranto defendant is "probably" entitled to jury trial. The State, ex rel., v. Allen, 5 Kan. 213, 220.

5. Municipal court trial without jury when jury obtainable on appeal. City of Emporia v. Volmer, 12 Kan. 622, 631.

6. In action for recovery of money, jury may be demanded. Board of Education v. Scoville, 13 Kan. 17, 33.

7. When trial by jury not a matter of right; correction of assessments. Ross v. Comm'rs of Crawford Co., 16 Kan. 411.

8. Court may send any issues in equity case to jury. Hixon v. George, 18 Kan. 253, 256.

9. Duty of courts to enforce rigid observance of statutes. The State v. Snyder, 20 Kan. 306.

10. Jury trial not matter of right in action for divorce. Carpenter v. Carpenter, 30 Kan. 712, 718, 2 P. 122.

11. Where no jury in first instance, right on appeal inviolate. In re Rolfs, Petitioner, 30 Kan. 758, 761, 1 P. 523.

12. Power of Legislature limited by provisions of bill of rights. Atchison Street Rly. Co. v. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co., 31 Kan. 660, 665, 3 P. 284.

13. Not entitled to jury in "proceedings in aid of execution." In re Burrows, Petitioner, 33 Kan. 675, 677, 680, 7 P. 148.

14. Not entitled to trial by jury for violating city ordinance. The State, ex rel., v. City of Topeka, 36 Kan. 76, 85, 86, 12 P. 310.

15. Jury not necessary in proceedings to annex land to city. Callon v. Junction City, 43 Kan. 627, 629, 23 P. 652. Criticized: Town of Fairbanks v. Barrack, 282 F. 420.

16. Not entitled to jury for violation of injunction. The State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695, 697, 27 P. 148.

17. Appeal to court with jury, must be without unreasonable restrictions. In re Jahn, Petitioner, 55 Kan. 694, 697, 698, 41 P. 956. Overruled: City of Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 165 Kan. 374, 196 P.2d 217.

18. Twelve jurors necessary in trial on felony charge. The State v. Simons, 61 Kan. 752, 754, 60 P. 1052.

19. Jury not guaranteed in proceedings to establish boundary lines. Swarz v. Ramala, 63 Kan. 633, 636, 66 P. 649.

20. Trial in police court without jury does not violate section. In re Kinsel, 64 Kan. 1, 3, 67 P. 634. Overruled: City of Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 165 Kan. 374, 196 P.2d 217.

21. Declaring places common nuisances where intoxicating liquor sold, etc., valid. The State v. McManus, 65 Kan. 720, 722, 70 P. 700.

22. Jury not demandable as matter of right in quo warranto. Wheeler v. Caldwell, 68 Kan. 776, 778, 75 P. 1031.

23. Right to jury of twelve may be waived in misdemeanors. The State v. Wells, 69 Kan. 792, 793, 77 P. 547.

24. Not entitled to jury in injunction under prohibitory liquor law. Cowdery v. The State, 71 Kan. 450, 80 P. 953.

25. Cities may destroy intoxicating liquor and property used in selling. Stahl v. Lee, 71 Kan. 511, 519, 80 P. 983.

26. Dispute regarding boundary; no jury as matter of right. Mathis v. Strunk, 73 Kan. 595, 597, 85 P. 590.

27. Plea in abatement; age of defendant; defendant entitled to jury. The State v. Dunn, 75 Kan. 799, 802, 90 P. 231.

28. Suit to cancel lease, equitable; not entitled to jury. Mills v. Hartz, 77 Kan. 218, 223, 94 P. 142.

29. Not entitled to jury on trial for indirect contempt. The State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615, 618, 97 P. 790.

30. Jury to try title to and possession of real estate. Atkinson v. Crowe, 80 Kan. 161, 163, 102 P. 50, 106 P. 1052.

31. In partition, jury to try ownership and right of possession. Gordon v. Munn, 83 Kan. 242, 244, 111 P. 177.

32. Section not violated by jury of four in lunacy inquest. The State v. Linderholm, 84 Kan. 603, 114 P. 857.

33. Act providing for charging of expenses by entomological commission, valid. Balch v. Glenn, 85 Kan. 735, 739, 119 P. 67.

34. Acquittal on ground of insanity; commitment; right of jury. In re Clark, 86 Kan. 539, 540, 121 P. 492.

35. Execution against person; no jury demandable as matter of right. Tatlow v. Bacon, 101 Kan. 26, 30, 165 P. 835.

36. Action to set aside will; not entitled to jury. Cole v. Drum, 109 Kan. 148, 153, 197 P. 1105.

37. Vagrancy; waiver of right to trial by jury. In re Clancy, Petitioner, 112 Kan. 247, 249, 210 P. 487.

38. Section only applies to cases that were triable by jury before constitution adopted. State v. Lee, 113 Kan. 462, 215 P. 299.

39. No right to trial by jury in suit for accounting among stockholders. Spena v. Goffe, 119 Kan. 831, 241 P. 257.

40. Presumption that officers knew of insolvency of bank does not contravene section. Ramsey Petroleum Co. v. Adams, 119 Kan. 844, 241 P. 433.

41. Denial of jury trial nonprejudicial where complaining party's testimony establishes fact. Wheat Growers Ass'n v. Goering, 123 Kan. 508, 256 P. 119.

42. Substance of pleadings determines character of action. Estey v. Holdren, 126 Kan. 385, 387, 267 P. 1098.

43. Right to jury trial is to be determined by pleadings rather than evidence. Gresty v. Briggs, 127 Kan. 151, 272 P. 178.

44. Discharge of jury for inability to agree held not jeopardy. State v. Tucker, 137 Kan. 84, 89, 19 P.2d 436.

45. Allowance of claims under "cash-basis" law without jury discussed. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education, 137 Kan. 451, 452, 21 P.2d 295.

46. Reference of action for attorney fees to referee held valid. Kagey v. Fox West Coast Theatres, 139 Kan. 301, 305, 31 P.2d 67.

47. Action to set aside chattel mortgage; jury trial properly denied. Sawyer v. Ryan, 141 Kan. 368, 41 P.2d 740.

48. Award of workmen's compensation differs from ordinary money judgment. Woods v. Jacob Dold Packing Co., 141 Kan. 748, 749, 43 P.2d 786.

49. Habitual criminal act (K.S.A. 21-107a) held valid. Levell v. Simpson, 142 Kan. 892, 897, 52 P.2d 372.

50. Judgment of conviction rendered after jury discharged is void; jeopardy; habeas corpus. In re Rockwood, 146 Kan. 386, 387, 69 P.2d 703.

51. Action to recover attorney fee; jury trial demandable as of right. Hasty v. Pierpont, 146 Kan. 517, 518, 72 P.2d 69.

52. Pleadings in action resulting from real-estate exchange examined; jury demandable. Icenogle v. Mitchell, 149 Kan. 880, 89 P.2d 857.

53. Right of garnishee to trial by jury discussed but not determined. Elliott v. Behner, 150 Kan. 876, 888, 96 P.2d 852.

54. Criminal statute (K.S.A. 21-818) not so vague as to be unconstitutional. State v. Carr, 151 Kan. 36, 37, 39, 98 P.2d 393.

55. Right to jury trial inapplicable to equity suits; mortgage foreclosure. State Bank of Downs v. Criswell, 155 Kan. 314, 316, 124 P.2d 500.

56. Constitution does not guarantee an appeal to supreme court. Cochran v. Amrine, 155 Kan. 777, 778, 130 P.2d 605.

57. Felony; defendant may waive rights and consent to jury of less than twelve. State v. Scott, 156 Kan. 11, 12, 14, 131 P.2d 664.

58. Jury trial not demandable on appeal from police court conviction. City of Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 165 Kan. 374, 376, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384, 385, 388, 389, 196 P.2d 217.

59. Right to jury trial is privilege and may be waived. State v. Christensen, 166 Kan. 152, 156, 199 P.2d 475.

60. Reasonableness of granting permit by zoning board; no right to jury. Duggins v. Board of County Commissioners, 179 Kan. 101, 106, 293 P.2d 258.

61. Case may be withdrawn from jury upon point of law, when. Ogilvie v. Mangels, 183 Kan. 733, 738, 332 P.2d 581.

62. Constitution does not guarantee criminal defendant appeal to supreme court. State v. Sims, 184 Kan. 587, 588, 337 P.2d 704.

63. Section inapplicable to bastardy proceeding which is statutory action. State, ex rel., v. Pinkerton, 185 Kan. 68, 69, 70, 340 P.2d 393.

64. Mortgage foreclosure; right to jury trial mentioned but not determined. Commercial Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Curts, 187 Kan. 18, 19, 354 P.2d 86.

65. Jury trial not demandable in declaratory judgment action to construe gas purchase contract to determine questions of law only and not to recovery of money. Pan American Petroleum Corporation v. Cities Service Gas Co., 191 Kan. 511, 518, 382 P.2d 645.

66. Destruction of obscene books seized without notice on an order by district court after hearing approved by Kansas Supreme Court. State v. A. Quantity of Copies of Books, 191 Kan. 13, 16, 379 P.2d 254. Reversed: 378 U.S. 205, 84 S. Ct. 1723, 12 L.Ed.2d 809.

67. Right to trial by jury mentioned (dissenting opinion). Hornback v. Missouri-Kansas-Texas Rld. Co., 193 Kan. 395, 399, 395 P.2d 379.

68. Rights not violated by court's failure to advise of statutory right to appeal. Ware v. State, 198 Kan. 523, 525, 426 P.2d 78.

69. Action to quiet title involves matters of equitable cognizance; triable without a jury. Hindman v. Shepard, 205 Kan. 207, 215, 468 P.2d 103.

70. Right to jury trial refers to that right as it existed at common law; unavailable where issue not justiciable at common law. Craig v. Hamilton, 213 Kan. 665, 670, 518 P.2d 539.

71. Right to 12-person jury not matter of substantive law; subject to regulation by Legislature, courts and parties to case. Palmer v. Ford Motor Company, 498 F.2d 952, 954.

72. Failure to advise of right to trial by jury; no waiver; conviction reversed. State v. Irving, 216 Kan. 588, 533 P.2d 1225.

73. Method of jury selection did not violate defendants' rights to trial by impartial jury under federal or state constitutions. State v. Campbell, 217 Kan. 756, 761, 539 P.2d 329.

74. Right to jury trial extends only to where right existed at common law; disciplinary proceedings to determine judicial propriety only. In re Rome, 218 Kan. 198, 204, 542 P.2d 676.

75. Question raised but not determined as to whether K.S.A. 44-1011 grants jury trial as matter of right; no demand made. Stephens v. Unified School District, 218 Kan. 220, 231, 546 P.2d 197.

76. Judgment rendered during period when neither party entitled to counsel or jury trial reversed and remanded. Windholz v. Willis, 1 Kan. App. 2d 683, 685, 573 P.2d 1100.

77. Discussed; recoupment statute (K.S.A. 22-4513) unconstitutional not on due process and right to jury trial arguments but on right to counsel and equal protection grounds. Simmons v. James, 467 F. Supp. 1068, 1070, 1080.

78. If action is essentially equitable, compulsory counterclaims containing legal issues do not entitle party to a jury trial. First Nat'l Bank of Olathe v. Clark, 226 Kan. 619, 622, 602 P.2d 1299.

79. Cited; suits in equity are not entitled to jury trial as a matter of right. McMurray v. Crawford, 3 Kan. App. 2d 329, 330, 594 P.2d 1109.

80. Mentioned; the fact that there are some legal issues in an essentially equitable case does not entitle defendants to a jury trial. Koerner v. Custom Components, Inc., 4 Kan. App. 2d 113, 121, 122, 603 P.2d 628.

81. Covers only matters triable by jury at common law; proceeding to contest a will does not come within these terms. In re Estate of Suesz, 228 Kan. 275, 277, 613 P.2d 947.

82. Suit in equity does not entitle party to jury trial as a matter of right. Waggener v. Seever Systems, Inc., 233 Kan. 517, 520, 523, 664 P.2d 813 (1983).

83. No federal or state constitutional right to jury trial under juvenile offenders code. Findlay v. State, 235 Kan. 462, 463, 681 P.2d 20 (1984) abrogated by In re L.M., 286 Kan. 460, 186 P.3d 164 (2008).

84. Cited; necessity for accused's assent to trial by less than 12-person jury (K.S.A. 22-3403) examined. State v. Hood, 242 Kan. 115, 744 P.2d 816 (1987).

85. K.S.A. 60-3407, 60-3409, 60-3411, limiting recovery in medical malpractice actions, in contravention hereof. Kansas Malpractice Victims Coalition v. Bell, 243 Kan. 333, 757 P.2d 251 (1988).

86. Nonpecuniary damage limitations in K.S.A. 60-1903 do not violate any constitutional rights. Leiker v. Gafford, 245 Kan. 325, 359, 365, 778 P.2d 823 (1989).

87. Jury instruction and jury form not requiring unanimous decision nor theory on first degree murder (K.S.A. 21-3401) examined. State v. Hartfield, 245 Kan. 431, 445, 781 P.2d 1050 (1989).

88. Legislative limitation on recovery of noneconomic damages (K.S.A. 60-19a01, 60-19a02) as not violating any constitutional rights determined. Samsel v. Wheeler Transport Services, Inc., 246 Kan. 336, 337, 789 P.2d 541 (1990).

89. Statutory limitations on noneconomic damages violates right to jury trial guaranteed by Kansas Constitution. Mahomes-Vinson v. U.S., 751 F. Supp. 913, 924 (1990).

90. On question certified (K.S.A. 60-3201 et seq.), K.S.A. 40-3403(h) abrogating certain common-law vicarious liability held constitutional. Bair v. Peck, 248 Kan. 824, 825, 836, 845, 811 P.2d 1176 (1991).

91. Defendant personally, and not counsel, as having the right to assent to a jury of fewer than 12 noted. State v. Roland, 15 Kan. App. 2d 296, 300, 807 P.2d 705 (1991).

92. Noted in holding that amendment to K.S.A. 22-3404 eliminating right to jury trial for traffic infractions operates prospectively only. State v. Chapman, 15 Kan. App. 2d 643, 645, 814 P.2d 449 (1991).

93. At common law, a party not entitled to jury trial as a matter of right in equity suits. Vanier v. Ponsoldt, 251 Kan. 88, 104, 833 P.2d 949 (1992).

94. Noted in holding that where defendant agrees to additur, plaintiff need not consent nor will new trial be granted. Dixon v. Prothro, 17 Kan. App. 2d 19, 27, 830 P.2d 1221 (1992).

95. Trial court erred in denying jury trial where equitable claims dropped and timely requests for jury trial never withdrawn. Carnes v. Meadowbrook Executive Bldg. Corp., 17 Kan. App. 2d 292, 297, 836 P.2d 1212 (1992).

96. Statutory prohibition against impeachment of jury verdict inapplicable when right to trial violated by jury misconduct. Saucedo v. Winger, 252 Kan. 718, 729, 850 P.2d 908 (1993).

97. Nonunanimous verdict upheld in breach of warranty suit where plaintiffs served dishwashing liquid rather than similar-looking alcoholic beverage. Cott v. Peppermint Twist Mgt. Co., 253 Kan. 452, 480, 856 P.2d 906 (1993).

98. Whether trial court's summary ability to permit or deny submission of a punitive damages claim is constitutional examined. McConwell v. FMG of Kansas City, Inc., 18 Kan. App. 2d 839, 861, 863, 861 P.2d 830 (1993).

99. Whether vesting in court instead of jury determination of punitive damage awards violates right to jury trial examined. Smith v. Printup, 254 Kan. 315, 321, 322, 324, 866 P.2d 985 (1994).

100. Imposition of K.S.A. 60-515(a) eight-year statute of repose does not violate equal protection or due process. Ripley v. Tolbert, 260 Kan. 491, 499, 921 P.2d 1210 (1996).

101. Contention that deliberating juror's dismissal due to belief of case outcome constitutionally improper recognized; verdict must be unanimous. State v. Cheek, 262 Kan. 91, 100, 108, 936 P.2d 749 (1997).

102. No error in imposing hard 40 sentence; maximum sentence under K.S.A. 21-4706 is not increased as hard 40 sentence limits lower, not upper, end of sentence; no constitutional violations. State v. Conley, 270 Kan. 18, 11 P.3d 1147 (2000).

103. Error for court not to grant motion for mistrial where one of jurors stated he had heard none of defendant's testimony. State v. Hayes, 270 Kan. 535, 17 P.3d 317 (2001).

104. Premeditated murder conviction affirmed; imposition of hard 40 sentence not violation of federal or state constitutions. State v. Sanders, 272 Kan. 445, 33 P.3d 596 (2001).

105. At common law and under Kansas Constitution, party is not entitled to trial by jury in a suit in equity. Jenson International, Inc. v. Kelley, 29 Kan. App. 2d 836, 32 P.3d 1205 (2001).

106. Defendant's right to jury trial violated where he did give knowing waiver in writing or in open court. State v. Sykes, 35 Kan. App. 2d 517, 524, 132 P.3d 485 (2006).

107. Imposition of hard 40 sentence does not violate federal or Kansas constitutional rights. State v. Albright, 283 Kan. 418, 423, 153 P.3d 497 (2007).

108. Mentioned in opinion discussing multiple acts case requiring jury unanimity on specific criminal acts. State v. Voyles, 284 Kan. 239, 251, 160 P.3d 794 (2007).

109. Waiver of jury trial without defendant's authorization constitutes deficient performance by legal counsel. City of Wichita v. Bannon, 37 Kan. App. 2d 522, 525, 154 P.3d 1170 (2007).

110. Cited in opinion holding that juveniles have a constitutional right to jury trials. In re L.M., 286 Kan. 460, 472, 474, 475, 186 P.3d 164 (2008).

111. Cited; alleged constitutional error to impanel jury to consider upward departure when defendant enters plea; no error found. State v. Horn, 40 Kan. App. 2d 687, 692, 196 P.3d 379 (2008).

112. Procedure for calculating offender's criminal history score does not violate constitutional rights. State v. Fischer, 288 Kan. 470, 203 P.3d 1269 (2009).

113. Convictions reversed for district court's failure to advise defendant of his right to a jury trial. State v. Bowers, 42 Kan. App. 2d 739, 216 P.3d 715 (2009).

114. The statutory limit on noneconomic loss in a medical malpractice case is held not unconstitutional. Miller v. Johnson, 295 Kan. 636, 289 P.3d 1098 (2012).

115. Defendant has a right to have a jury determine guilt of the charged crime in a felony prosecution, but determining which other crimes the jury should be instructed upon as lesserincluded offenses is a matter of law for the court. State v. Love, 305 Kan. 716, 387 P.3d 820 (2017); see also State v. Brown, 305 Kan. 674, 387 P.3d 835 (2017).

116. There is no federal constitutional requirement to instruct juries on offenses that are not lesser-included crimes of the charged crime under state law because the inviolate right of jury trial in section 5 of the Kansas bill of rights is limited to fact issues in criminal cases; section does not demand that a jury be permitted to determine a legal question such as the choice of instructions on lesser-included crimes of a charged crime. State v. Ritz, 305 Kan. 956, 965, 389 P.3d 969 (2017).

117. A quid pro quo test is not appropriate to analyze the constitutionality of the noneconomic damages cap under K.S.A. 60-19a02, and the cap is an unconstitutional violation of the right to trial by jury. Hilburn v. Enerpipe Ltd, 309 Kan. 1127, 1144, 1150, 442 P.3d 509 (2019).

118. A sentencing court may use judicial findings of prior convictions to sentence a defendant under the Kansas sentencing guidelines. State v. Albano, 58 Kan. App. 2d 117, 134, 464 P.3d 332 (2020).

119. Section does not guarantee the right to a jury trial to determine: (1) Whether attorney fees and expenses should be awarded; (2) a reasonable amount of attorney fees to be awarded; or (3) whether the third-party litigation exception to the American rule applies in a particular case. Harder v. Foster, 58 Kan. App. 2d 201, 211, 464 P.3d 382 (2020).

120. District judge's imposition of criminal restitution under K.S.A. 21-6604(b)(1) and 21-6607(c)(2) does not violate this section. State v. Robison, 58 Kan. App. 2d 380, 384, 469 P.3d 83 (2020), review granted (November 20, 2020).

121. Convictions for two counts of aggravated robbery were not multiplicitous even though they arose from one transaction that constituted unitary conduct because robbers took property in the possession or control of two separate individuals by force directed at each. State v. Dale, 312 Kan. 174, 184, 474 P.3d 291 (2020).

122. Section does not guarantee defendants the right to have a jury determine the existence of sentence-enhancing prior convictions under the revised Kansas sentencing guidelines act, K.S.A. 21-6801 et seq. State v. Albano, 313 Kan. 638, 643, 487 P.3d 750 (2021).

123. Criminal defendant will not face a civil judgment for criminal restitution unless judgment is obtained separately through a civil cause of action. State v. Owens, 314 Kan. 210, 242–3, 496 P.3d 902 (2021).

124. Current structure of criminal restitution, K.S.A. 60-4301 et seq., violates section; remedy is severance of problematic portions of statutes. State v. Robison, 314 Kan. 245, 256–7, 496 P.3d 89 (2021).

125. Damages limitations under the Kansas Tort Claims Act do not violate the right to a jury trial. Ashley Clinic, LLC v. Coates, 64 Kan. App. 2d 53, 73, 545 P.3d 1020 (2024).

126. The method of determining a defendant's criminal history under the Kansas Criminal Sentencing Guidelines—which includes consideration of any prior convictions or juvenile adjudications—does not implicate a defendant's right to a jury trial under section 5 of the bill of rights. State v. Peters, 319 Kan. 492, 523, 555 P.3d 1134 (2024).