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§ 18. Justice without delay. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, reputation or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice administered without delay.

History: Adopted by convention, July 29, 1859; ratified by electors, October 4, 1859; L. 1861, p. 49.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

Constitutional issues raised in a comment on governmental immunity in Kansas, William P. Tanner III, 19 K.L.R. 211, 221 (1971).

The Kansas Guest Act: Let's Take Another Look, William P. Tanner III, 20 K.L.R. 283 (1971).

Wrongful life actions, Steven G. Cooper, 11 W.L.J. 286, 288 (1972).

Kansas Courts of Appeals, Gregory A. Dean, 12 W.L.J. 378 (1973).

Hospitals' Role and Responsibility in Health Care Delivery, Alan Rupe, Robert D. Steiger, 14 W.L.J. 580, 607 (1975).

Governmental immunity statutes and first Brown decision (Brown v. Wichita State University, 217 Kan. 279), Nancy Scherer, 15 W.L.J. 155, 157, 158, 159 (1976).

Swift Currents of Change in the Law of Defamation, M. C. Slough, 45 J.B.A.K. 17, 30 (1976).

Kansas governmental immunity statutes, 25 K.L.R. 140, 148, 149 (1976).

Governmental Immunity: Despotic Mantle or Creature of Necessity, Philip A. Harley and Bruce Wasinger, 16 W.L.J. 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 40 (1976).

Governmental Liability: The Kansas Tort Claims Act [or The King Can Do Wrong], John A. Hageman and Lee A. Johnson, 19 W.L.J. 260, 263 (1980).

Immunity From Suit on Implied Contract: Isn't It Time Kansas Entered the 20th Century? Mark A. Shaiken, 20 W.L.J. 557, 562 (1981).

Torts-Interspousal Immunity in Kansas: A Vestige of a Bygone Era-Guffy v. Guffy, Catherine Hauber, 30 K.L.R. 611, 613, 619, 624 (1982).

Water Law-Kansas Water Appropriation Act-Water May Not Be Appropriated Without the Approval of the Chief Engineer, Gary H. Hanson, 31 K.L.R. 342, 350 (1983).

Defamation: The Kansas Requirement that Private Plaintiffs Prove Injury to Reputation Before Recovering for Emotional Harm, Katherine S. Roby and Pamela S. Yeary, 23 W.L.J. 342, 354 (1984).

Third Party Liability for Drunken Driving, Betsey J. Morgan, 26 W.L.J. 267, 295 (1987).

Interpreting the State Constitution: A Survey and Assessment of Current Methodology, Steve McAllister, 35 K.L.R. 593, 606 (1987).

Caps, 'Crisis,' and Constitutionality - Evaluating the 1986 Kansas Medical Malpractice Legislation, Elizabeth Schartz, 35 K.L.R. 763, 810 (1987).

K.S.A. 60-3412: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Kansas' Hired Gun Law, Jay Thomas, 11 J.K.T.L.A. No. 4, 18, 19 (1988).

Sorry, This Courthouse Is Closed, Dan. L. Walz, J.K.T.L.A., Vol. 13, No. 3, 21, 22 (1990).

Testing the Constitutionality of Tort Reform with a Quid Pro Quo Analysis: Is Kansas' Judicial Approach an Adequate Substitute for a More Traditional Constitutional Requirement? Jeffrey P. DeGraffenreid, 31 W.L.J. 314, 315 (1992).

Time Limitations in the Kansas Products Liability Act: Harding v. K.C. Wall Products and Its Progeny, John T. Houston, 42 K.L.R. 481, 496 (1994).

Kansas' Statutes of Repose: The Unwarranted Dichotomy, Mark A. Furney, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 18, No. 3, 12, 18, 19 (1995).

Is K.S.A. 40-3403(d) Constitutional? Randall E. Fisher and Paul B. Weeks, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 18, No. 5, 15, 17 (1995).

The Wizardry of Harmless Error: Brain, Heart, Courage Required When Reviewing Capital Sentences, Marla L. Mitchell, 4 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y, No. 1, 51, 56 (1994).

Challenging and Defending Agency Actions in Kansas, Steve Leben, 64 J.K.B.A. No. 5, 22, 36 (1995).

Workers Compensation Law: Constitutionality of the 1993 Kansas Workers Compensation Act, Nicole M. Zomberg, 37 W.L.J. 829 (1998).

Adams v. St. Francis: A Reasonable View of Privileges, Randall E. Fisher, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 21, No. 5, 10 (1998).

The Kansas Remedy by Due Course of Law Provision: Defining a Right to a Remedy, Shannon M. Roesler, 47 K.L.R. 655 (1999).

Victim's Rights Versus Special Interest: A Difficult Choice for the Kansas Legislature in Its Fight to Abrogate the Collateral Source Rule, Melinda Young, 45 W.L.J. 135 (2005).

Use It or Lose It - Giving Notice of Tort Claims to Municipalities Under K.S.A. 12-105b[d], Teresa L. Sittenauer, 74 J.K.B.A. No. 3, 24 (2005).

Improperly Divorced from Its Roots: The Rationales of the Collateral Source Rule and Their Implications for Medicare and Medicaid Write-Off, Guillermo Gabriel Zorogastua, 55 K.L.R. 463 (2007).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Religious, charitable and other organizations; liability for negligent acts. 80-187.

Killing of deer in defense of property. 80-251.

Religious, charitable and other organizations; liability for negligent acts. 81-87.

Uniform commercial code; secured transactions; filing; immunity of public officials. 83-5.

County authority to rescind corporate farming resolution; effect; rights of property owner. 96-21.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. "Due process of law" decisions have little application in Kansas. Gilchrist v. Schmidling, 12 Kan. 263, 271.

2. Granting attorney fees in actions for killing stock, not unconstitutional. K. P. Rly. Co. v. Mower, 16 Kan. 573, 582.

3. Redress for all injuries suffered provided for in "civil action." A.T.&S.F. Rld. Co. v. Rice, 36 Kan. 593, 599, 14 P. 229.

4. Section not violated by ordinance providing extension of city limits. Callen v. Junction City, 43 Kan. 627, 629, 23 P. 652. Criticized: Town of Fairbanks v. Barrack, 282 F. 420.

5. Cited in case discussing jurisdiction writ of error coram nobis. The State v. Calhoun, 50 Kan. 523, 532, 537, 32 P. 38.

6. "Occupying-claimant act" does not conflict with this section. Dietzler v. Wilhite, 55 Kan. 200, 203, 40 P. 272.

7. Legislative investigating committee not given power to imprison for contempt. In re Davis, 58 Kan. 368, 373, 49 P. 160.

8. Attorney fees in action against railroads for causing fire, constitutional. Railroad Co. v. Matthews, 58 Kan. 447, 450, 49 P. 602. Affirmed: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. Co. v. Matthews, 174 U.S. 96, 19 S. Ct. 609, 43 L.Ed. 909.

9. Act providing for condemnation of site for schoolhouse, held valid. Buckwalter v. School District, 65 Kan. 603, 606, 70 P. 605.

10. Proceedings to condemn and destroy liquors and paraphernalia valid. The State v. McManus, 65 Kan. 720, 722, 70 P. 700.

11. "Remedy" means by tribunal having jurisdiction; section not satisfied otherwise. Hanson v. Krehbiel, 68 Kan. 670, 672, 75 P. 1041.

12. Words of section not given unlimited signification in all cases. Coleman v. MacLennan, 78 Kan. 711, 722, 98 P. 281.

13. Common-law interpretation not strictly applied in slander by spoken words. Cooper v. Seaverns, 81 Kan. 267, 284, 105 P. 509.

14. Mere irregularity in administering law does not deny constitutional right. Griggs v. Hanson, 86 Kan. 632, 634, 121 P. 1094.

15. Acquittal on ground of insanity; commitment of dangerous insane; constitutionality. In re Clark, 86 Kan. 539, 121 P. 492.

16. Workmen's compensation act of 1911 does not violate this section. Shade v. Cement Co., 93 Kan. 257, 258, 144 P. 249.

17. Workmen's compensation act; defenses; act constitutional. Hovis v. Refining Co., 95 Kan. 505, 511, 148 P. 626.

18. Action for divorce; divorce refused; division of property; statute constitutional. Putnam v. Putnam, 104 Kan. 47, 51, 177 P. 838.

19. Farm crossing over railroad right-of-way; act unconstitutional. Chamberlain v. Railway Co., 107 Kan. 341, 344, 191 P. 261.

20. Conclusion reached by court before motions heard, held not error. Oil and Gas Co. v. Strauss, 110 Kan. 608, 611, 203 P. 1111.

21. Every person is entitled to contract relative to his employees. Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1, 23, 35 S. Ct. 240, 59 L.Ed. 441.

22. Contract relating to electricity rates cannot be impaired unless unreasonable. Railroad and Light Co. v. Court of Industrial Relations, 113 Kan. 217, 229, 214 P. 797, 803.

23. Condemnation of school site without provision for consequential damages to adjoining property owners does not offend section. Mayfield v. Board of Education, 118 Kan. 138, 139, 233 P. 1024.

24. Statute relating to forfeiture of life insurance policy does not operate prospectively. Bank Savings Life Ins. Co. v. Baker, 120 Kan. 756, 761, 244 P. 862.

25. Section cited in determining whether publication was actionable per se. Knapp v. Green, 123 Kan. 550, 256 P. 153. Questioned: Jerald v. Houston, 124 Kan. 657, 670, 261 P. 851.

26. Act making transfer of stock after insolvency void as to double liability of stockholder is valid. Glenn v. Callahan, 125 Kan. 44, 262 P. 583.

27. Statute which gives a party a right may also make conditions as to notice. Davis v. City of El Dorado, 126 Kan. 153, 267 P. 7.

28. Act creating county court does not offend section. Brockway v. Wagner, 126 Kan. 285, 268 P. 96.

29. Compulsory reference in derogation of jury trial violates section. Estey v. Holdren, 126 Kan. 385, 267 P. 1098.

30. Penalty for failure to produce evidence held constitutional. Edmonds v. Federal Securities Co., 131 Kan. 11, 16, 290 P. 3.

31. Lack of notice requirement in workmen's compensation act considered. Schmeling v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 137 Kan. 573, 580, 21 P.2d 337. Rehearing denied: 138 Kan. 281, 282, 26 P.2d 265.

32. Bylaw of fraternal benefit society held to deny due process. Wichita Council v. Security Benefit Ass'n, 138 Kan. 841, 847, 28 P.2d 976.

33. Corporation cemetery tax act held to deny equal protection of law. Mount Hope Cemetery Co. v. Pleasant, 139 Kan. 417, 424, 32 P.2d 500.

34. County's claim against city for election expenses under "cash-basis law" held valid. City of Weir v. Cherokee County Comm'rs, 140 Kan. 30, 33, 33 P.2d 1108.

35. Wyandotte county grand jury act violates this section. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 140 Kan. 744, 750, 39 P.2d 286.

36. Cited in case discussing application of 1935 mortgage moratorium act. Kansas City Life Ins. Co. v. Anthony, 142 Kan. 670, 683, 52 P.2d 1208.

37. Both city of Kansas City and board of public utilities of city of Kansas City are liable for negligence in conduct of proprietary functions of board. Seely v. Board of Public Utilities, 143 Kan. 965, 973, 57 P.2d 471.

38. Court must confirm mortgage-foreclosure sale where proceedings regular and price adequate. Liberty Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Hanson, 145 Kan. 174, 176, 64 P.2d 609.

39. Workmen's compensation law provides adequate and appropriate remedy and does not deprive persons of their property without due process of law. Baker v. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Co., 145 Kan. 273, 279, 65 P.2d 284.

40. State has right to maintain timely action to contest a will. State v. Keach, 145 Kan. 403, 406, 65 P.2d 598.

41. Junior mortgagee not party to foreclosure proceeding; right to foreclose unaffected. Motor Equipment Co. v. Winters, 146 Kan. 127, 134, 135, 136, 69 P.2d 23.

42. Judicial process, in garnishment et cetera, can only be made effective upon sufficient notice. State Bank of Dodge City v. McKibben, 146 Kan. 341, 345, 70 P.2d 1.

43. Action to recover attorney fee; jury trial demandable as of right. Hasty v. Pierpont, 146 Kan. 517, 518, 72 P.2d 69.

44. Cited in discussing but not determining constitutionality of K.S.A. 39-313. State v. Lange, 148 Kan. 614, 616, 618, 83 P.2d 653.

45. Statute avoiding unrecorded instruments conveying mineral rights (K.S.A. 79-420) held valid. Hushaw v. Kansas Farmers' Union Royalty Co., 149 Kan. 64, 66, 68, 74, 86 P.2d 559.

46. Eminent domain statute (K.S.A. 12-639) providing no prospective or anticipated damages held valid. Loomis v. City of Augusta, 151 Kan. 343, 345, 347, 99 P.2d 988.

47. Constitution does not guarantee an appeal to supreme court. Cochran v. Amrine, 155 Kan. 777, 778, 130 P.2d 605.

48. Statute making dental board's order revoking license effective while appeal pending valid. Bohl v. Teall, 157 Kan. 239, 241, 242, 139 P.2d 418.

49. Oil proration order charging overage for excess production deemed unconstitutional (dissenting opinion). Bennett v. Corporation Commission, 157 Kan. 589, 598, 600, 142 P.2d 810.

50. Cited; denial of equal rights by labor union violated federal constitution. Betts v. Easley, 161 Kan. 459, 463, 169 P.2d 831.

51. Person suffering bodily injury as result of another's negligence has remedy. Rowell v. City of Wichita, 162 Kan. 294, 300, 176 P.2d 590.

52. Constitutional test of tax is whether anything is given for that which is taken; section imposes only limited restrictions upon taxing power of state. Morton Salt Co. v. City of South Hutchinson, 159 F.2d 897, 900.

53. K.S.A. 44-504 limiting time for widow to bring wrongful death action valid. Elam v. Bruenger, 165 Kan. 31, 34, 40, 193 P.2d 225.

54. Guest statute (K.S.A. 8-122b) does not violate this section. Bailey v. Resner, 168 Kan. 439, 444, 214 P.2d 323; Wright v. Pizel, 168 Kan. 493, 494, 495, 496, 499, 504, 214 P.2d 328.

55. Cited; fraternal society member could not resort to courts when remedies within society not exhausted. Zeidler v. Knights of Columbus, 172 Kan. 557, 566, 241 P.2d 761.

56. Mentioned; corporation commission's order refusing to reinstate canceled underages upheld. Republic Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 173 Kan. 172, 178, 244 P.2d 1196.

57. Court will not determine constitutional questions not properly presented. State, ex rel., v. Richardson, 174 Kan. 382, 390, 256 P.2d 135.

58. Discussed; taxes properly levied on property in duly annexed city addition. Smith v. City of Prairie Village, 175 Kan. 469, 473, 264 P.2d 1053.

59. Act authorizing combined waterworks and sewage disposal systems held valid. City of Lawrence v. Robb, 175 Kan. 495, 498, 504, 505, 265 P.2d 317.

60. Exemption of charitable institutions from tort liability held contrary to this section. Noel v. Menninger Foundation, 175 Kan. 751, 762, 763, 267 P.2d 751.

61. Motion picture censorship act is definite and valid. Holmby Productions, Inc. v. Vaughn, 177 Kan. 728, 730, 282 P.2d 412. Reversed: 350 U.S. 870, 76 S. Ct. 117, 100 L.Ed. 770.

62. Consolidation of separate appeals in eminent domain proceedings is proper; does not violate due process laws. Moore v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 181 Kan. 51, 310 P.2d 199. Reversed in part: 181 Kan. 840, 317 P.2d 384.

63. Procedure for creation of water district (K.S.A. 19-3501 et seq.) valid. Water District No. 1 v. Robb, 182 Kan. 2, 17, 318 P.2d 387.

64. Mentioned; fair trade act held unconstitutional in part. Quality Oil Co. v. du Pont & Co., 182 Kan. 488, 491, 322 P.2d 731.

65. Unfair practices act alleged to be price fixing act violating due process hereunder. State v. Consumers Warehouse Market, 183 Kan. 502, 504, 505, 329 P.2d 638.

66. Constitution does not guarantee criminal defendant appeal to supreme court. State v. Sims, 184 Kan. 587, 588, 337 P.2d 704.

67. Part of dairy industry unfair practices act held unconstitutional; due process. State, ex rel., v. Fleming Co., 184 Kan. 674, 677, 682, 683, 684, 339 P.2d 12.

68. Attorney general properly superseded county attorney by intervening in original supreme court action. State, ex rel., v. City of Kansas City, 186 Kan. 190, 193, 350 P.2d 37. Certiorari denied: 363 U.S. 831, 80 S. Ct. 1598, 4 L.Ed.2d 1525.

69. Corporation commission's order requiring ratable taking of gas by all purchasing companies issued under K.S.A. 55-703 upheld. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 351, 354, 362 P.2d 609. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 355, 360, 362 P.2d 599. Rehearing denied: 188 Kan. 624, 364 P.2d 668. Reversed: 372 U.S. 84, 83 S. Ct. 646, 9 L.Ed.2d 601.

70. Act authorizing city to extend its credit for promotion of private industry (K.S.A. 12-1740 through 12-1749) does not violate section. State, ex rel., v. City of Pittsburg, 188 Kan. 612, 621, 364 P.2d 71.

71. Various federal and state constitutional objections to Water Appropriation Act (82a-701 et seq.) considered; act valid. Williams v. City of Wichita, 190 Kan. 317, 318, 325, 340, 374 P.2d 578.

72. Mentioned; where no express provision for notice is made in statute, reasonable notice will be implied. Cities Service Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 192 Kan. 707, 713, 391 P.2d 74.

73. K.S.A. 17-1725 conferring exemption from forced process held unconstitutional. Neely v. St. Francis Hospital & School of Nursing, 192 Kan. 716, 717, 720, 722, 723, 391 P.2d 155.

74. In absence of statute imposing liability, county is not liable for negligence. Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners, 194 Kan. 419, 423, 399 P.2d 561.

75. Rule that neither spouse may maintain an action in tort for damages against the other not in violation of this section. Fisher v. Toler, 194 Kan. 701, 702, 401 P.2d 1012.

76. Wife has no cause of action for loss of consortium from injury to husband by third party; K.S.A. 23-203, 23-205 modify common law. Criqui v. Blaw-Knox Corporation, 318 F.2d 811, 813, 814.

77. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 50-503(a) of the dairy practices act, upheld; "due process." State, ex rel., v. Fairmont Foods Co., 196 Kan. 73, 77, 82, 410 P.2d 308.

78. K.S.A. 21-1212, prevention of animal nuisances, violates due process requirements hereof (dissenting opinion). State v. Johnson, 196 Kan. 208, 215, 410 P.2d 423.

79. Doctrine of "governmental immunity" not in conflict herewith. McCoy v. Board of Regents, 196 Kan. 506, 511, 512, 413 P.2d 73.

80. Price control of liquor under K.S.A. 41-1111 et seq., not violative hereof. Laird & Company v. Cheney, 196 Kan. 675, 678, 682, 684, 414 P.2d 18. Dismissed: 384 U.S. 371, 87 S. Ct. 531, 17 L.Ed.2d 430.

81. Zoning ordinance alleged to deprive of property without due process of law. Bodine v. City of Overland Park, 198 Kan. 371, 373, 424 P.2d 513.

82. Rights not violated by court's failure to advise of statutory right to appeal. Ware v. State, 198 Kan. 523, 525, 426 P.2d 78.

83. Cited; right of accused to speedy public trial. State v. Wilson, 198 Kan. 532, 533, 426 P.2d 288.

84. Safety responsibility act (K.S.A. 8-722 et seq.), does not deny due process of law. State v. Finley, 198 Kan. 585, 586, 592, 593, 594, 596, 599, 601, 426 P.2d 251. Judgment vacated: State v. Finley, 199 Kan. 615, 433 P.2d 414.

85. Legislation does not deny due process where procedural safeguards may be supplied by the agency administering the law. Rydd v. State Board of Health, 202 Kan. 721, 725, 726, 727, 451 P.2d 239.

86. The guest statute (K.S.A. 8-122b) does not contravene the due process clause hereunder. Westover v. Schaffer, 205 Kan. 62, 64, 468 P.2d 251.

87. Cited in case holding remedy in inverse condemnation action is properly with the courts. Sanders v. State Highway Commission, 211 Kan. 776, 788, 508 P.2d 981.

88. Mentioned; constitutional attack on K.S.A. 8-122b; guest statute declared unconstitutional as violative of the equal protection clause. Henry v. Bauder, 213 Kan. 751, 752, 518 P.2d 362.

89. Mentioned; class action against gas utility contesting legality of late charge assessments made by utility. Tennyson v. Gas Service Company, 367 F. Supp. 102, 103.

90. Construed; no-fault insurance act (K.S.A. 40-3101 et seq.) held constitutional. Manzanares v. Bell, 214 Kan. 589, 597, 598, 599, 617, 625, 626, 522 P.2d 1291.

91. Libel and slander action; standards stated for individual not public official; liability based on negligence. Gobin v. Globe Publishing Co., 216 Kan. 223, 232, 531 P.2d 76.

92. Method of jury selection did not violate defendant's rights to trial by impartial jury under federal or state constitutions. State v. Campbell, 217 Kan. 756, 761, 539 P.2d 329.

93. Governmental immunity doctrine as declared in K.S.A. 46-901, 46-902 unconstitutional and void. Brown v. Wichita State University, 217 Kan. 279, 280, 281, 295, 297, 302, 303, 540 P.2d 66. Reversed and remanded: 219 Kan. 2, 3, 25, 26, 28, 36, 40, 547 P.2d 1015.

94. Where teacher terminated at mid-year, without a hearing, entitled to back pay until due process given. Wertz v. Southern Cloud Unified School District, 218 Kan. 25, 27, 542 P.2d 339.

95. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 46-143 raised but not determined in construing section; "candidate" and "member elect" distinguished. Rogers v. Shanahan, 221 Kan. 221, 223, 565 P.2d 1384.

96. Under facts, action against city on common law theories dismissed; governmental immunity. Bribiesca v. City of Wichita, 221 Kan. 571, 572, 561 P.2d 816.

97. K.S.A. 22-2512, 22-3901 not in contravention of federal or state constitution. State v. Pinball Machines, 222 Kan. 416, 419, 565 P.2d 236.

98. Mandatory malpractice insurance requirement of health care provider act does not violate constitutional due process provisions. State, ex rel. Schneider v. Liggett, 223 Kan. 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 616, 576 P.2d 221.

99. Due process of law not violated by K.S.A. 61-1805. Threadgill v. Beard, 225 Kan. 296, 301, 590 P.2d 1021.

100. Discussed; recoupment statute (K.S.A. 22-4513) unconstitutional not on due process and right to jury trial arguments but on right to counsel and equal protection grounds. Simmons v. James, 467 F. Supp. 1068, 1070, 1080.

101. Kansas employment security act does not violate this section merely because an employer's tax exceeds the employee benefits charged to the employer's reserve fund. Wesley Medical Center v. McCain, 226 Kan. 263, 265, 597 P.2d 1088.

102. Policy of section supports abolition of interspousal tort immunity (dissenting opinion). Guffy v. Guffy, 230 Kan. 89, 99, 103, 631 P.2d 646 (1981).

103. Claim of due process violation not determined because participation in alleged unconstitutional plan was voluntary. City of Jetmore v. Finney, 230 Kan. 134, 137, 631 P.2d 236 (1981).

104. Section does not create right of action by a parent for injuries to adult child. Schmeck v. City of Shawnee, 231 Kan. 588, 594, 647 P.2d 1263 (1982).

105. K.S.A. 21-3716 held constitutional; legislative classification of offenses not violative of equal protection clause if reasonably related to objectives sought. State v. Walters, 8 Kan. App. 2d 237, 240, 655 P.2d 947 (1983).

106. Where specific constitutional allegations not raised in application for rehearing, they cannot be urged later. In re Application of Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 9 Kan. App. 2d 525, 537, 685 P.2d 304 (1984).

107. Transfer of custody hearing under K.S.A. 38-1307, in child's best interests, not violative of due process or equal protection. In re Wicks, 10 Kan. App. 2d 124, 125, 127, 693 P.2d 481 (1985).

108. Statute (K.S.A. 2-2457) requiring notice to county attorney before suing for pesticide application damages unconstitutional. Barr v. Terminix Int'l, Inc., 237 Kan. 82, 84, 697 P.2d 1276 (1985).

109. Statute (K.S.A. 2-2457) requiring notice to county attorney before suing for pesticide application damages unconstitutional. Ernest v. Faler, 237 Kan. 125, 127, 134, 697 P.2d 870 (1985).

110. Cited by dissent where majority held that absent legislation, suppliers of alcohol are not liable to victims of intoxicated persons. Ling v. Jan's Liquors, 237 Kan. 629, 647, 703 P.2d 731 (1985).

111. Cited; Kansas medical malpractice statute (K.S.A. 60-3401 et seq.) abrogating collateral source rule (since amended) violates equal protection clauses. Coburn By And Through Coburn v. Agustin, 627 F. Supp. 983, 994, 997 (1985).

112. Collateral source statute (K.S.A. 60-3403) rationally related to legitimate state purpose and is constitutional. Ferguson v. Garmon, 643 F. Supp. 335, 336, 342 (1986).

113. Health care provider insurance act, K.S.A. 40-3401 et seq., does not violate section. Harrison v. Long, 241 Kan. 174, 177, 178, 182, 734 P.2d 1155 (1987).

114. Unanimity requirement of county board for incorporation of city under K.S.A. 15-123 violates neither equal protection nor substantive due process concepts. In re Application for Incorporation as City, 241 Kan. 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 736 P.2d 875 (1987).

115. Cited; K.S.A. 60-3403, abrogating collateral source rule of medical malpractice remedy, sufficiently threatening to require higher standard of review. Farley v. Engelken, 241 Kan. 663, 672, 740 P.2d 1058 (1987).

116. Exclusion in K.S.A. 40-284(e)(3) of uninsured motorist law does not deny a right guaranteed by U.S. or Kansas Constitutions. Clements v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 243 Kan. 124, 129, 753 P.2d 1274 (1988).

117. Prohibiting products liability action more than ten years after birth as not violating equal protection determined. Lester v. Eli Lilly and Co., 698 F. Supp. 843; affirmed, 893 F.2d 1340 (1990).

118. K.S.A. 60-3407, 60-3409, 60-3411, limiting recovery in medical malpractice actions, in contravention hereof. Kansas Malpractice Victims Coalition v. Bell, 243 Kan. 333, 757 P.2d 251 (1988).

119. Constitutionality of loans of public moneys to private individuals for public purposes and to promote general welfare upheld. Duckworth v. City of Kansas City, 243 Kan. 386, 758 P.2d 201 (1988).

120. No protected right in acquiring license under Kansas parimutuel racing act, K.S.A. 74-8801 et seq. Kansas Racing Management, Inc. v. Kansas Racing Comm'n, 244 Kan. 343, 354, 770 P.2d 423 (1989).

121. Ten-year limitation in K.S.A. 60-513(b) constitutional as applied to latent diseases. Tomlinson v. Celotex Corp., 244 Kan. 474, 482, 486, 770 P.2d 825 (1989).

122. Dissent views workers compensation act (K.S.A. 44-5a01 et seq.) unconstitutional as it applies to victims of asbestosis. Tomlinson v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 244 Kan. 506, 516, 770 P.2d 833 (1989).

123. Unemployment benefit hearing transcripts as inadmissible at any proceeding except those enumerated (K.S.A. 44-714) examined. Batt v. Globe Engineering Co., 13 Kan. App. 2d 500, 502, 774 P.2d 371 (1989).

124. Conviction for theft where offense constituted welfare fraud violates due process. State v. Jones, 13 Kan. App. 2d 520, 526, 775 P.2d 183 (1989).

125. Holding that follows long standing policy that insane person may be civilly liable for tortious act. Williams v. Kearbey, 13 Kan. App. 2d 564, 775 P.2d 670 (1989).

126. Nonpecuniary damage limitations in K.S.A. 60-1903 do not violate any constitutional rights. Leiker v. Gafford, 245 Kan. 325, 359, 365, 778 P.2d 823 (1989).

127. 1-402 provides adequate substitute remedy for common-law action of professional liability against an accountant. Gillespie v. Seymour, 14 Kan. App. 2d 563, 575, 796 P.2d 1060 (1990).

128. Authority of regulation to prohibit subrogation of medical benefits coverage other than PIP (K.S.A. 40-3113a) examined. Durrett v. Bryan, 14 Kan. App. 2d 723, 799 P.2d 110 (1990).

129. Actual notice to lienholder is minimum constitutional requirement in proceeding adversely affecting property interest; constitutional statute (K.S.A. 79-2111) applied unconstitutionally. Joe Self Chevrolet, Inc. v. Board of Sedgwick County Comm'rs, 247 Kan. 625, 626, 631, 638, 802 P.2d 1231 (1990).

130. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 40-2404b prohibiting unfair competition and deceptive practices in insurance industry examined and upheld. Guardian Title Co. v. Bell, 248 Kan. 146, 149, 805 P.2d 33 (1991).

131. On question certified (K.S.A. 60-3201 et seq.), K.S.A. 40-3403(h) abrogating certain common-law vicarious liability held constitutional. Bair v. Peck, 248 Kan. 824, 826, 845, 811 P.2d 1176 (1991).

132. 60-3303(e) does not violate provision as defendant has no vested right in a statute of limitations. Harding v. K.C. Wall Products, Inc., 250 Kan. 655, 667, 831 P.2d 958 (1992).

133. Expedited judicial proceedings for hearings on modification of child support orders (K.S.A. 20-164) found constitutional. In re Marriage of Soden, 251 Kan. 225, 834 P.2d 358 (1992).

134. Court review of administrative actions, payment of transcript preparation costs not required for due process. Everett v. Topeka Correctional Facility, 16 Kan. App. 2d 739, 741, 742, 828 P.2d 949 (1992).

135. State has legitimate interest in controlling forum shopping; K.S.A. 60-606 does not violate equal protection guarantees of Kansas Constitution. Kenyon v. Kansas Power & Light Co., 17 Kan. App. 2d 205, 209, 211, 836 P.2d 1193 (1992).

136. Privacy rights of individual in bank and telephone records considered and determined; no justification for more expansive interpretation of § 15 of Kansas Bill of Rights. State v. Schultz, 252 Kan. 819, 825, 850 P.2d 818 (1993).

137. Constitution cannot be invoked by heirs of employee to challenge lack of remedy in workers compensation act. Karhoff v. National Mills, Inc., 18 Kan. App. 2d 302, 305, 851 P.2d 1021 (1993).

138. Court's interest in administrative efficiency may not be given precedence over a party's right to due process. In re Marriage of Glenn, 18 Kan. App. 2d 603, 607, 856 P.2d 1348 (1993).

139. Whether trial court's summary ability to permit or deny submission of a punitive damages claim is constitutional examined. McConwell v. FMG of Kansas City, Inc., 18 Kan. App. 2d 839, 861, 862, 863, 861 P.2d 830 (1993).

140. Whether punitive damages are legal or equitable in nature examined. Smith v. Printup, 254 Kan. 315, 325, 866 P.2d 985 (1994).

141. Whether retroactive application of K.S.A. 17-5831 violates due process by stripping plaintiffs of vested property rights in accrued cause of action examined. Resolution Trust Corp. v. Fleischer, 862 F. Supp. 309, 313 (1994).

142. Whether section requires recognition of a civil action for embracery examined. OMI Holdings, Inc. v. Howell, 864 F. Supp. 1046, 1050 (1994).

143. Whether applying K.S.A. 17-5831 retroactively amounts to taking of property without due process examined. Resolution Trust Corp. v. Fleischer, 257 Kan. 360, 364, 375, 892 P.2d 497 (1995).

144. Fund's immunity from bad faith failure to settle a claim does not violate due process. Aves v. Shah, 258 Kan. 506, 521, 906 P.2d 642 (1995).

145. Review of administrative law judge's ruling by workers compensation board instead of de novo review by district court constitutional. Stuart v. Douglas County, 21 Kan. App. 2d 784, 785, 907 P.2d 919 (1995).

146. Failure of chemical to fall within harmful material exception to statute of repose does not violate due process. Koch v. Shell Oil Co., 52 F.3d 878, 882 (1995).

147. Statute of repose for actions filed against health care providers constitutes reasonable exercise of legislative power. Marzolf v. Gilgore, 924 F. Supp. 127, 129 (1996).

148. Imposition of K.S.A. 60-515(a) eight-year statute of repose does not violate equal protection or due process. Ripley v. Tolbert, 260 Kan. 491, 499, 921 P.2d 1210 (1996).

149. Prisoner's administrative segregation under administrative regulations not significant deprivation by which liberty interest created; no due process rights violated. Murphy v. Nelson, 260 Kan. 589, 597, 921 P.2d 1225 (1996).

150. Amendment (K.S.A. 44-556) authorizing workers compensation board to replace district court in reviewing ALJ decisions is constitutional. Gleason v. Samaritan Home, 260 Kan. 970, 989, 926 P.2d 1349 (1996).

151. Discharging cross-claims for contribution and noncontractual indemnity for settling parties under K.S.A. 74-4904a is constitutional. KPERS v. Reimer and Assocs., Inc., 261 Kan. 17, 24, 927 P.2d 466 (1996).

152. Statute of repose (K.S.A. 60-515(a)) applicable to minors in medical malpractice actions does not violate equal protection. Bonin v. Vannaman, 261 Kan. 199, 217, 929 P.2d 754 (1996).

153. K.S.A. 65-442, 40-3403 provide adequate substitute remedy for the abrogation of the plaintiffs' remedy to sue for corporate negligence. Lemuz v. Fieser, 261 Kan. 936, 937, 941, 944, 933 P.2d 134 (1997).

154. Party waived improper hearing notice issue by failing to include what it would have presented at KCC reconsideration hearing. Citizens' Utility Ratepayer Bd. v. Kansas Corporation Comm'n, 264 Kan. 363, 386, 956 P.2d 685 (1998).

155. ALJ's workers compensation award misaddressed; not received before review application filing date expiration; notice insufficient to satisfy due process. Nguyen v. IBP, Inc., 266 Kan. 580, 588, 972 P.2d 747 (1999).

156. Retroactive provision of K.S.A. 40-3414 violates section 18 of Kansas Bill of Rights. Holt v. Wesley Med. Center, 277 Kan. 536, 86 P.3d 1012 (2004).

157. Judicial due process requires sufficient notice to concerned parties. Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Pastine, 281 Kan. 1266, 1273, 136 P.3d 457 (2006).

158. When landowner access to nearby highways is altered or restricted to regulate traffic flow, there is not taking. Korytkowski v. City of Ottawa, 283 Kan. 122, 130, 152 P.3d 53 (2007).

159. Due process requires an opportunity to confront witness; right was waived in this case. In re J.D.C., 284 Kan. 155, 169, 159 P.3d 974 (2007).

160. Suspension of commercial driver's license affirmed, respondent had sufficient opportunity to contest finding he failed breath test. Robinson v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 37 Kan. App. 2d 425, 429, 154 P.3d 508 (2007).

161. Cited; constitutionality of K.S.A. 21-4624(e) weighing equation upheld. State v. Scott, 286 Kan. 54, 87, 88, 91, 92, 98, 183 P.3d 801 (2008).

162. Subsection (c) of K.S.A. 44-501 violates neither the constitutional requirement of equal protection nor due process. Payne v. Boeing Co., 39 Kan. App. 2d 353, 361, 180 P.3d 590 (2008).

163. Nonlender is not a contingently necessary party in a mortgage foreclosure action and is not required to be allowed to intervene. Landmark Nat'l Bank v. Kesler, 289 Kan. 528, 216 P.3d 158 (2009).

164. Under constitutional guaranties of due process, any judicial process can be effective only on sufficient notice to parties concerned. Citifinancial Auto, Inc. v. Mike's Wrecker Service, Inc., 41 Kan. App. 2d 914, 206 P.3d 63 (2009).

165. The statutory limit on noneconomic loss in a medical malpractice case is held not unconstitutional. Miller v. Johnson, 295 Kan. 636, 289 P.3d 1098 (2012).

166. "Bypassing the Bill of Rights—The Kansas Supreme Court's Use of Quid Pro Quo to Analyze the Inviolate Right to Trial by Jury [Miller v. Johnson, 289 P.3d 1098 (Kan. 2012)]," Christopher R. Stanley, 53 W.L.J. 147 (2013).

167. Protections afforded by section are the same as those guaranteed by the 14th Amendment to the United States constitution and may only be relied upon for substantive due process claims by individuals, not by governmental entities. Gannon v. State, 298 Kan. 1107, 1131–34, 319 P.3d 1196 (2014).

168. Amendments adopting the 6th edition of the American medical association guides for measuring permanent impairment are facially unconstitutional as the act no longer comports with due process for injured workers who sustain permanent impairment as a result of an injury occurring on or after January 1, 2015; the unconstitutional provisions are severable and the remedy is to strike provisions mandating use of the 6th edition, effectively reinstating the use of the 4th edition. Johnson v. U.S. Food Service, 56 Kan. App. 2d 232, 427 P.3d 996 (2018).

169. This section does not require the district court to inform a defendant of the right to appeal and the statutory time limit to appeal the denial of a motion to withdraw plea, and as a result, a defendant is not entitled to an out-of-time appeal simply because the court failed to inform the defendant of his rights to appeal the denial of the motion. State v. Maberry, 58 Kan. App. 2d 215, 465 P.3d 191 (2020).

170. The statute making a Kansas Offender Registration Act violation a strict liability offense does not violate substantive due process. State v. Genson, 59 Kan. App. 2d 190, 481 P.3d 137 (2020).

171. Amendment to workers compensation law in 2013 referencing the 6th edition of the AMA guides reflected an update to the most recent guidelines and did not change the legal standard requiring the rating be established by competent medical evidence. Johnson v. U.S. Food Service, 312 Kan. 597, 478 P.3d 776 (2021), rev'g 56 Kan. App. 2d 232, 427 P.3d 996 (2018).

172. The 2011 amendments to K.S.A. 44-508(f)(2) did not unconstitutionally restrict claimant's right to a remedy. Perez v. National Beef Packing Co., 60 Kan. App. 2d 489, 505, 494 P.3d 268 (2021).

173. Mandatory lifetime postrelease registration of juvenile sex offender under Kansas offender registration act is not punishment and does not violate related constitutional provisions. State v. N.R., 314 Kan. 98, 114, 495 P.3d 16 (2021).