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§ 16. Subject and title of bills; amendment or revival of statutes. No bill shall contain more than one subject, except appropriation bills and bills for revision or codification of statutes. The subject of each bill shall be expressed in its title. No law shall be revived or amended, unless the new act contain the entire act revived or the section or sections amended, and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. The provisions of this section shall be liberally construed to effectuate the acts of the legislature.

History: Adopted by convention, July 29, 1859; ratified by electors, October 4, 1859; L. 1861, p. 53; L. 1974, ch. 458, § 1; November 5, 1974.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

Constitutional Law—Appropriation Bills and The Kansas One-Subject Rule—State ex rel. Stephan v. Carlin, Gary H. Hanson, 30 K.L.R. 625, 626, 627, 632 (1982).

The Latest Twists and Turns in the Statute of Limitations Applied to Occult Injuries and Latent Disease, Arden J. Bradshaw, J.K.T.L.A. Vol. 16, No. 3, 12, 16 (1993).

'Be it Enacted by the People of the State of Kansas'—Is it Time for Kansas to Adopt Ballot Initiatives? David E. Watson, 37 W.L.J. 383 (1998).

The Immunity Provisions in the Kansas Tort Claims Act: The First Twenty-Five Years, William E. Westerbeke, 52 K.L.R. 939 (2004).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Public improvements; combination and operation of sewer districts under single budgets. 79-184.

Election expenses of candidates and organizations; reporting of receipts and expenditures by certain organizations. 81-5.

Consumer loans; finance charge; exemption of adjustable rate loans from maximum finance charge limits. 82-204.

Ordinances of cities; signing or veto of ordinances in council cities; exceptions. 82-258.

Legislature; not more than one subject in a bill. 83-44.

Legislative article; requirements for passage of bill. 83-59.

Legislature; one subject in a bill; delegation of legislative power. 83-78.

Public health; health facilities; projects requiring certificate of need; exemptions by Legislature through appropriations for state institutions. 84-69.

Civil procedure; liens for labor and material; certificate of deposit in lieu of surety bond for public works. 87-123.

Animal dealers; licensure and registration of certain persons dealing in animals. 88-74.

Purpose of act—casualty insurance; title insurance; constitutionality. 88-95.

Subject and title of legislative bills. 89-24.

Child passenger safety act; effect of 1989 House Bill No. 2196. 89-104.

Subject and title of legislative bill; two subjects in bill discussed. 91-82.

Subject and title of legislative bills regarding health care and abortion. 92-52.

Omnibus reconciliation spending limit bill; compliance with statutory spending limits. 92-86.

Release prior to trial; local court rule. 94-25.

Subject and title of legislative bills; amendment or revival of statutes; two subjects in one bill. 94-44.

Property tax accumulated interest amnesty program in Wyandotte county; uniform operation of law; constitutionality. 94-89.

County and city retailers' sales tax; election required; validation of election. 95-22.

Subject and title of bills; two subjects in one bill. 97-73.

Governor's line item veto was of "item of appropriation of money" and constitutional. 2002-47.

Responsibilities of Kansas Water Office in managing water stored in Cedar Bluff Reservoir. 2005-1.

Amendment to 72-6433 in appropriation bill violates article 2, section 16 of Kansas Constitution. 2007-21.

Provisos in appropriation bill relating to meetings, legislative assistants working and performance audits violate one-subject requirement. 2009-2.

Given the constitutional requirement that "[t]he subject of each bill shall be expressed in its title," consideration of the title is particularly appropriate when interpreting Kansas statutes. 2024-4.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Operation of act restricted to statement of title. City of Concordia v. Hagaman, 1 Kan. App. 35, 37, 41 P. 133.

2. Title to act not broad enough to cover subject. Shepherd v. Shepherd, 4 Kan. App. 546, 45 P. 658.

3. Fees and salaries one subject; repeal by implication unaffected by constitution. Higgins v. Mitchell County, 6 Kan. App. 314, 51 P. 72.

4. Title clearly expresses purpose of act. Inlow v. Graham County, 6 Kan. App. 391, 393, 394, 397, 51 P. 65.

5. Fees and salaries one subject; new act may repeal by express terms or by implication. Lowe v. Bourbon County, 6 Kan. App. 603, 604, 51 P. 579.

6. Provisions of old and new act construed together, if consistent. Croasdale v. Davis, 9 Kan. App. 189, 191, 59 P. 667.

7. Act relating to county officers broad enough to cover court costs of litigation involving surveyor. Ireton v. Laubner, 9 Kan. App. 561, 562, 58 P. 278.

8. Title to act relating to intoxicating liquors broad enough to cover violations. The State v. Owens, 9 Kan. App. 595, 58 P. 240.

9. Subject matter not included in title. Howard v. Schneider, 10 Kan. App. 137, 62 P. 435. Overruled: Stewart v. Thomas, 64 Kan. 511, 68 P. 70.

10. Does not apply to acts before constitution went into effect. Laurent v. The State, 1 Kan. 313.

11. Law not revived by repeal of amending act. Renter v. Bauer, Ex'r, etc., 3 Kan. 503, 505.

12. One subject; subject matter is taxes between grantor and grantee, is not attempt to perform judicial function nor take without compensation. Greer v. McCarter, 5 Kan. 17, 22.

13. One subject; statute of limitations properly included in act for assessment and collection of taxes. Bowman v. Cockrill, 6 Kan. 311, 333.

14. Repeal of repealing statute does not revive original act. Sapp v. Morrill, 8 Kan. 677, 684.

15. Section applied to similar law for construction of city ordinances. City of Troy v. A. & N. Railroad Co., 11 Kan. 519, 532.

16. Provisions of this section are mandatory, not merely directory. Comm'rs of Sedgwick Co. v. Bailey, 13 Kan. 600, 607.

17. Title broad and comprehensive as Legislature chooses to make it, valid. Division of Howard Co., 15 Kan. 194, 195, 215.

18. Subject matter not expressed in title of act. Swayze v. Britton, 17 Kan. 625, 626.

19. Laws may be repealed by virtue of this section. Tootle v. Savage, 18 Kan. 192, 194.

20. New statute supersedes old by virtue of this section. Comm'rs of Jefferson Co. v. Hudson, 20 Kan. 71, 72.

21. Acts amending section of prior statute treated as single statute. Evans v. Adams, 21 Kan. 119.

22. One subject; title to act defining what constitutes publication of laws sufficiently expresses subject matter. Davis v. Turner, 21 Kan. 131.

23. New act contained entire section as amended; not necessary to repeat words of old section; old section repealed by virtue of constitution. Case v. Bartholow, 21 Kan. 300, 308.

24. Act providing for registration of all adults in county broad enough to prescribe use to be made of list. City of Eureka v. Davis, 21 Kan. 578, 579.

25. Provisions of act were incidental and subordinate to and connected with subject expressed in act. In re Holcomb, 21 Kan. 628.

26. One subject; act relating to powers and duties of constables. Martin v. Gorman, 21 Kan. 672.

27. Act providing revenue is broad and general subject; repeal by implication unaffected by constitution. The State, ex rel., v. Ewing, 22 Kan. 708, 710.

28. This section does not apply to city ordinances. City of Humboldt v. McCoy, 23 Kan. 249; Topeka v. Raynor, 61 Kan. 10, 58 P. 557.

29. One subject; act establishing criminal code properly includes provisions for trustees of convict's estates. Woodruff v. Baldwin, 23 Kan. 491, 492.

30. Subject matter in section not expressed in title. Shepherd v. Helmers, 23 Kan. 504, 508.

31. One subject; act restraining dramshops and regulating liquor sales may include provisions for damages suffered by violations. Werner v. Edmiston, 24 Kan. 147, 151.

32. One subject; section should not be narrowly or technically construed. Philpin v. McCarty, 24 Kan. 393, 400, 401.

33. One subject; act not in conflict with section. Keith v. Keith, 26 Kan. 26, 39.

34. Act containing several related activities does not violate section. Board of Education v. The State, 26 Kan. 44.

35. One subject; provisions for railroad bonds not in conflict with general purpose of act concerning private corporations. Comm'rs of Marion Co. v. Comm'rs of Harvey Co., 26 Kan. 181, 196.

36. Clause concerning revival or amendment does not abolish doctrine of repeals by implication. Comm'rs of Norton Co. v. Shoemaker, 27 Kan. 77, 78, 79.

37. Requisites of compliance with this section discussed at length. The State v. Barrett, 27 Kan. 213, 217.

38. One subject; criminal provisions important and necessary inclusion for enforcement of act of which they form a part. The State v. Schweiter, 27 Kan. 499, 500, 510.

39. Repeal by implication under this section, discussed. Stephens v. Ballou, 27 Kan. 594, 600, 601.

40. Section beyond scope of title. M.K.&T. Rly. Co. v. Long, 27 Kan. 684, 691.

41. One subject; civil damages provision in dramshop act considered. Jockers v. Borgman, 29 Kan. 109, 113.

42. Where subject of act sufficiently expressed in title, amendment of section therein not unconstitutional. Burroughs v. County of Norton, 29 Kan. 196.

43. Provision regulating medical uses within scope of act prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. The State v. Curtis, 29 Kan. 384, 385.

44. "An act amendatory of and supplemental to chapter 25 ..." held sufficient. John v. Reaser, 31 Kan. 406, 2 P. 771.

45. Section assessing fines and costs as liens against real estate for liquor law violations within scope of act. Hardten v. The State, 32 Kan. 637, 639, 5 P. 212.

46. One subject; act providing child support for non-marital children broad enough to include enforcement provisions. In re Wheeler, Petitioner, 34 K 96, 100, 8 P. 276.

47. Providing damages to family for injury to breadwinner from liquor consumption within scope of prohibitory liquor law. Durein v. Pontius, 34 Kan. 353, 8 P. 428.

48. Section assessing fines and costs as liens against real estate for liquor law violations within scope of act. The State v. Snyder, 34 Kan. 425, 426, 8 P. 860.

49. Portion of section not expressed in title. In re Wood, Petitioner, 34 Kan. 645, 649, 9 P. 758.

50. Act authorizing construction of county buildings in several counties contains one subject. Weyand v. Stover, Treas., 35 Kan. 545, 551, 11 P. 355.

51. Constitution complied with if title fairly apprises persons with ordinary intelligence of legislation. City of Wichita v. Burleigh, 36 Kan. 34, 41, 12 P. 332.

52. Construction of court house and county bridges covered in subject of public improvements. Comm'rs of Cherokee Co. v. The State, ex rel., 36 Kan. 337, 338, 13 P. 558.

53. Act not void because of discrepancies in description of bill title contained in legislative journals. Ayers v. Comm'rs of Trego Co., 37 Kan. 240, 15 P. 229.

54. Statute on public and private drunkenness contains one subject. The State v. Brown, 38 Kan. 390, 392, 16 P. 259.

55. Enactments at same Legislature concerning same subject matter, construed together. In re Hall, Petitioner, 38 Kan. 670, 17 P. 649.

56. One subject; when objectives of act related and connected; repeal by implication permissible. The State, ex rel., v. Cross, 38 Kan. 696, 699, 700, 17 P. 190.

57. Law on payments for publication of notices of tax sales not amendatory of act fixing fees and salaries. Fox v. Cross, 39 Kan. 350, 355, 18 P. 300.

58. One subject; proviso on school bond issues within intent of act relating to organization of new counties. The State, ex rel., v. Comm'rs of Haskell Co., 40 Kan. 65, 68, 19 P. 362.

59. Act relating to railroad liability for fire damage clearly expresses subject in title. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co. v. Merrill, 40 Kan. 404, 405, 19 P. 793.

60. Act authorizing commissioner of fisheries and protecting fish in state waters sufficiently expressed in title. The State v. Stunkle, 41 Kan. 456, 459, 21 P. 675.

61. One subject; law changing county boundaries, thereby eliminating adjacent county fulfilled act's intent. The State, ex rel., v. Comm'rs of Kiowa Co., 41 Kan. 630, 634, 21 P. 601.

62. Act resolving county pre-organizational matters broad enough to settle organizational matters. The State, ex rel., v. Sanders, 42 Kan. 228, 230, 232, 21 P. 1073.

63. Title sufficient if it indicates clearly, though in general terms, scope of act. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co. v. Harrelson, 44 Kan. 253, 24 P. 465.

64. Punishment for illegal voter registration related to general subject of voter registration. The State v. Bush, 45 Kan. 138, 140, 146, 25 P. 614.

65. Act contains two subjects. Comm'rs of Norton Co. v. Snow, 45 Kan. 332, 333, 25 P. 903.

66. Provisions with reference to insurance not foreign to title of anti-trust act. In re Pinkney, Petitioner, 47 Kan. 89, 90, 94, 95, 27 P. 179.

67. Act concerning bridges comprehensive enough to embrace all matters related to bridges. Comm'rs of Barber Co. v. Smith, 48 Kan. 331, 332, 334, 29 P. 565.

68. Laws 1891, ch. 156, has no application to publication of city ordinances. City of Pittsburg v. Reynolds, 48 Kan. 360, 362, 29 P. 757.

69. Repeals by implication are not violation of constitution. Elevator Co. v. Stewart, 50 Kan. 378, 382, 32 P.33.

70. Act relating to intoxicating liquors broad enough to cover places where drinking permitted. The State v. Campbell, 50 Kan. 433, 434, 32 P. 35.

71. Title to act providing consolidation of cities, although general, fairly indicates scope of act. The State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 50 Kan. 508, 521, 31 P. 1100.

72. Use of word "foreign" in title refers to other states and territories and within scope of Kansas probate law. Calloway v. Cooley, 50 Kan. 743, 753, 32 P. 372.

73. Repealing section purported to repeal sections of statutes not included in title or body of act. The State, ex rel., v. Pierce, 51 Kan. 241, 246, 32 P. 924.

74. Title creating new county township clearly expresses subject of act. The State, ex rel., v. Lewelling, 51 Kan. 562, 563, 564, 33 P. 425.

75. Act contains more than one subject; subject of section is not expressed in title. Wilkerson v. Savings Bank, 52 Kan. 718, 35 P. 792.

76. New section added to civil code not amendment or revision of existing code. Berry v. KC. Ft. S. & M. Rld. Co., 52 Kan. 759, 768, 34 P. 805.

77. Title of act relative to state reform school broad enough to cover boys under 16. In re Sanders, Petitioner, 53 Kan. 191, 197, 36 P. 348.

78. Constitution should guard against abuse intended to be prevented but not restrict needed legislation; single subject. Blaker v. Hood, 53 Kan. 499, 511, 36 P. 1115.

79. Material provisions outside scope of title; held two subjects. The State v. Lewin, 53 Kan. 679, 681, 37 P. 168.

80. Act did not contain the sections sought to be amended; repealed all acts or parts of acts in conflict with amending act. The State v. Deets, 54 Kan. 504, 506, 38 P. 798.

81. Title to act too general and did not reflect subject matter. Clark v. Comm'rs of Wallace Co., 54 Kan. 634, 639, 39 P. 225.

82. Subject of act vacating portions of townsites includes vacating streets. City of Eudora v. Darling, 54 Kan. 654, 655, 39 P. 184.

83. Title need only state general scope and purpose of act. Lynch v. Chase, 55 Kan. 367, 375, 40 P. 666.

84. Sections differing from existing law; held neither valid amendment nor amendment by implication and void. The State v. Guiney, 55 Kan. 532, 534, 40 P. 926.

85. Repeals by implication are not favored. Kansas Breeze Co. v. Edwards, 55 Kan. 630, 633, 40 P. 1004.

86. What covered by title, discussed. Rogers v. Morrill, 55 Kan. 737, 741, 42 P. 355.

87. Act defining judicial boundaries and court duties one subject; prior acts not contained therein remain. Aikman v. Edwards, 55 Kan. 751, 763, 42 P. 366.

88. "Municipal corporations" in title to act may include township. Rathbone v. Hopper, 57 Kan. 240, 243, 244, 245, 45 P. 610.

89. Earlier act repealed by later law covering same subject; repeal by implication. The State v. Countryman, 57 Kan. 815, 823, 48 P. 137.

90. Contradiction between title and body of act; act held void. Railroad Co. v. Kearny County, 58 Kan. 19, 20, 48 P. 583.

91. Organization of courts and jurisdiction of justices of peace within general subject. In re Greer, 58 Kan. 268, 48 P. 950.

92. Repeal is not a single subject; "An act to repeal or strike out certain redundant, obsolete and inoperative provisions of G.S. 1889" held multiplicity of subjects. The State v. Sholl, 58 Kan. 507, 49 P. 668.

93. Title provided for repeal of subdivision of section; body of bill amended subdivision of section; held void. In re Ashby, 60 Kan. 101, 55 P. 336.

94. Courts may refer to the title in ascertaining legislative intent. Baker v. Land Company, 62 Kan. 79, 61 P. 412.

95. Words eliminated from title to give proper meaning to it. Allen v. Hopkins, 62 Kan. 175, 180, 182, 61 P. 750.

96. Act regulating reports of water companies applies to existing companies although not so expressed in title. Leavenworth v. Water Co., 62 Kan. 643, 644, 64 P. 66.

97. Where restrictive title used, act must come within its meaning. Topeka v. Wood, 62 Kan. 809, 810, 64 P. 630.

98. Part of act not included in the title, held invalid. Enterprise v. Smith, 62 Kan. 815, 62 P. 324.

99. Act making elections of certain county and judicial officers uniform statewide contains one subject. Wilson v. Clark, 63 Kan. 505, 516, 65 P. 705.

100. Title of act sufficiently broad to satisfy constitutional requirement. Board of Education v. The State, 64 Kan. 6, 7, 10, 67 P. 559.

101. Comprehensiveness of title to act, discussed. Otto v. Hare, 64 Kan. 78, 81, 67 P. 444.

102. General subject of act suppressing places where liquor illegally sold sufficiently broad. The State v. Sheppard, 64 Kan. 451, 452, 67 P. 870.

103. Title held broad enough to include subject matter; section to be liberally construed to sustain act. Stewart v. Thomas, 64 Kan. 511, 515, 68 P. 70.

104. Act prohibiting illegal liquor sales, suppressing nuisances, providing for searches and seizures and liquor destruction contains single subject. Wilson v. Herink, 64 Kan. 607, 68 P. 72.

105. Act establishing state medical board and regulating practice covers one general subject. The State v. Wilcox, 64 Kan. 789, 68 P. 634.

106. Railroad aid bonds; act neither directly nor by implication repealed earlier act. Little River Township v. Reno County, 65 Kan. 9, 11, 68 P. 1105.

107. Title may be broader than the act itself. Ash v. Thorp, 65 Kan. 60, 62, 68 P. 1067.

108. Titles of acts must be interpreted in light of legislative practice and judicial decisions. Hardy v. Kingman County, 65 Kan. 111, 115, 68 P. 1078.

109. Act punishing pickpockets and other methods of taking contains general subject of depradations against personal property in corporal possession. The State v. Dunn, 66 Kan. 463, 484, 71 P. 811.

110. Both amended and revived sections must contain entire section amended or revived; single subject considered. Reynolds v. Board of Education, 66 Kan. 672, 678, 72 P. 274.

111. Provision must clearly show intention to take place of former. Gilbert v. Craddock, 67 Kan. 346, 72 P. 869.

112. Act reorganizing depopulated school districts and providing for school transportation contains one subject. School District v. Atzenweiler, 67 Kan. 609, 610, 73 P. 927.

113. Amendment to corporation act providing for creditor actions against stockholders meets constitutional requirements. Manley v. Mayer, 68 Kan. 377, 378, 387, 75 P. 550.

114. Amendment to act incorporating and regulating cities of first class and validating ordinances clearly expresses subject in title. Leavenworth v. Water Co., 69 Kan. 82, 83, 76 P. 451.

115. Act concerning private corporations not invalid because of narrowness of title. La Harpe v. Gas Co., 69 Kan. 97, 102, 76 P. 448.

116. Act providing for formation of telephone companies; single subject and revived or amended requirements considered. Wichita v. Telephone Co., 70 Kan. 441, 445, 78 P. 886.

117. Statutes not declared repealed by implication unless clearly repugnant. Newman v. Lake, 70 Kan. 848, 849, 79 P. 675.

118. Act relating to protection of dependent children contains one subject. The State v. Hahn, 70 Kan. 877, 878, 79 P. 670.

119. Act held good where subject matter is single subject within scope of title. In re Schley, 71 Kan. 266, 268, 270, 80 P. 631.

120. Act relating to sale of intoxicating liquor broad enough to prohibit unlawful sales. The State v. Kleinfield, 72 Kan. 674, 83 P. 831.

121. Injunction law not multifarious for covering taxation, improvident public contracts, and nuisances. The State v. Tibbits, 73 Kan. 493, 85 P. 526.

122. Statutes effecting amendment by implication, not within purview of section. Parker-Washington Co. v. Kansas City, 73 Kan. 722, 723, 725, 85 P. 781; The State v. Coletti, 102 Kan. 523, 525, 170 P. 995.

123. Compiler divided section, amendment contained only one part, held unconstitutional. The State v. Carter, 74 Kan. 156, 161, 86 P. 138.

124. Appointment of assistants attorney general, title sufficiently comprehensive. The State v. Brooks, 74 Kan. 175, 85 P. 1013.

125. Title of act sufficiently expresses subject; earlier acts neither revived or amended nor defective in identifying former acts amended. The State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360, 367, 86 P. 499.

126. Title, when read in its evident and fair intent, is a fair index to contents of act. Douglass v. Leavenworth County, 75 Kan. 6, 11, 88 P. 557.

127. Act relative to public improvements contains one subject which is expressed in title. Clarke v. Lawrence, 75 Kan. 26, 27, 88 P. 735.

128. Act amending and supplementing numerous acts listed contains one broad general subject. The State v. Everhardy, 75 Kan. 851, 852, 90 P. 276.

129. Title to prohibitory liquor act allowing attorney fees as costs of prosecution covers one general subject. In re Ellis, 76 Kan. 368, 91 P. 81. Questioned: Mikesell v. Wilson County, 82 Kan. 502, 507, 108 P. 829.

130. Act incidentally touching upon subject of former act and amending by implication not within constitutional inhibition. Bank v. Pearce, 76 Kan. 408, 409, 92 P. 53.

131. Title to act covering taxation, foreclosure and redemption contains general subject related to taxation. Trust Co. v. Davis, 76 Kan. 639, 643, 92 P. 707.

132. Act establishing insurance department and regulating business, with penalties for violations, contains one subject. Harrod v. Latham, 77 Kan. 466, 467, 469, 95 P. 11.

133. Act amending laws relating to counties and county officers covers same subject matter. The State v. Butler County, 77 Kan. 527, 535, 94 P. 1004.

134. Section is to keep members of Legislature from being misled. Getty v. Holcomb, 79 Kan. 224, 226, 99 P. 218.

135. Act concerning intoxicating liquors and amending and repealing other acts contains one general subject. The State v. Sherman, 81 Kan. 874, 875, 107 P. 33.

136. Act establishing crude oil transportation rates and violations for penalties contains one subject. Tucker v. Railway Co., 82 Kan. 222, 224, 108 P. 89. Reversed: Missouri Pacific Ry Co. v. Tucker, 230 U.S. 340, 33 S. Ct. 961, 57 L. Ed. 1507.

137. "Title held sufficient to cover subject of act;" section liberally construed. The State v. Topeka Club, 82 Kan. 756, 109 P. 183.

138. Title and act held not in violation of section. Board of Education v. Allen County, 82 Kan. 782, 786, 109 P. 415.

139. Incorporation of provisions of another act by reference is not amendment hereunder; Legislature has power to declare meaning and intent of earlier act. The State v. Shawnee County, 83 Kan. 199, 202, 110 P. 92.

140. Title of commission form of government act held sufficient; repeals by implication not favored. Kansas City v. Sullivan, 83 Kan. 406, 409, 111 P. 482.

141. Act making exception to prior act was not repealed by implication by amendment of prior act. The State v. Kansas City, 83 Kan. 431, 111 P. 493.

142. Amendment by implication; later act clarifies earlier one. The State v. Pauley, 83 Kan. 456, 464, 112 P. 141.

143. Act amending earlier statute and expanding original authority therein contains one subject. Payne v. Barlow, 84 Kan. 132, 134, 113 P. 432.

144. Act repealing compensation provisions of various counties contains one subject. The State v. Prather, 84 Kan. 169, 170, 173, 112 P. 829.

145. Fact that act retroactive in nature not so stated in title does not defeat it. Armstrong v. George, 84 Kan. 248, 114 P. 209.

146. Where former law defective in title, it may be cured by amendatory act. Grain and Lumber Co. v. Railway Co., 85 Kan. 281, 284, 116 P. 906.

147. Act relating to more than one type of court contains one general subject. The State, ex rel., v. Meek, 86 Kan. 576, 577, 120 P. 555.

148. Act covering removal of public officers properly provides for suspension prior to final hearing on removal. The State, ex rel., v. Martin 87 Kan. 817, 819, 126 P. 1080.

149. Similar legislative enactment applied to city ordinances. City of Winfield v. Hackney, 87 Kan. 858, 859, 126 P. 1088.

150. Act regarding roads and highways sufficiently comprehensive to include penalties for nonpayment of poll tax. City of Winfield v. Bell, 89 Kan. 96, 130 P. 680.

151. Act providing supplemental legislation to prohibitory liquor laws contains one general subject. The State v. Adams, 89 Kan. 674, 132 P. 171.

152. Subject matter held to be beyond scope of title. The State, ex rel., v. Dawson, 90 Kan. 839, 841, 136 P. 320.

153. Requirement that amendatory act contain act amended inapplicable to repeals by implication. Costello v. Riley County, 91 Kan. 532, 536, 138 P. 639.

154. Amendatory act sufficient when referring to original by title and section; amendatory part not within original title invalid. Brewer v. City of Pittsburg, 91 Kan. 910, 911, 139 P. 418.

155. Title to sand royalty act held broad enough to cover provisions of act. The State, ex rel., v. Akers, 92 Kan. 169, 210, 140 P. 637. Affirmed: Wear v. Kansas, 245 U.S. 154, 38 S. Ct. 55, 62 L.Ed. 214.

156. Supplemental legislation to prohibitory liquor laws can deal with persons and punishments for violation. The State v. King, 92 Kan. 669, 670, 141 P. 247.

157. Subsequent Legislature may make that which was invalid a valid act by enacting comprehensive title. Richey v. Ferguson, 93 Kan. 152, 154, 143 P. 497.

158. Title of workmen's compensation act is general and comprehensive in nature. Shade v. Cement Co., 93 Kan. 257, 258, 144 P. 249.

159. Title "authorized" county commissioners to act; body of act "made it the duty" of commissioners to act; subject not expressed in title. Agricultural Society v. Allen County, 93 Kan. 772, 773, 145 P. 902.

160. Provisions of workmen's compensation act do not violate section. Hovis v. Refining Co., 95 Kan. 505, 511, 148 P. 626.

161. Fact that title of act broader than needed does not violate constitution. The State v. Railway Co., 96 Kan. 609, 611, 152 P. 777. Affirmed: Missouri Pac. Rly. Co. v. Kansas, 248 U.S. 276, 39 S. Ct. 93, 63 L.Ed. 239.

162. Title relating to establishing school districts broad enough to include provisions for bond issue. Rural School District v. Davis, 96 Kan. 647, 648, 152 P. 666.

163. Authority to enlarge, repair, extend and improve waterworks systems is one subject. Hartzler v. City of Goodland, 97 Kan. 129, 131, 135, 154 P. 265.

164. Act purported to repeal another act "insofar as it relates to item 106 of section 1;" attempted amendment held void. Hicks v. Davis, 97 Kan. 312, 313, 318, 154 P. 1030.

165. Section mandatory, and invalidates all acts in contravention of terms. Hicks v. Davis, 97 Kan. 662, 663, 156 P. 774.

166. Amendments by implication not within purview of constitutional provision. Milling Co. v. Junction City, 98 Kan. 253, 255, 157 P. 1174.

167. Act relative to sale of farm produce on commission contains only one subject. The State, ex rel., v. Mohler, 98 Kan. 465, 158 P. 408. Affirmed: Payne v. Kansas, 248 U.S. 112, 39 S. Ct. 32, 63 L.Ed. 153.

168. Health and safety of persons in coal mining broad enough to include penalties for violations. Henry v. Railway Co., 98 Kan. 567, 570, 158 P. 857.

169. Punishing willful obstruction of road drains within scope of act relative to roads and highways. The State v. Kimble, 98 Kan. 657, 158 P. 1113.

170. State may maintain mandamus to compel city to issue bonds; restricted title examined to determine that repeal by implication was not intended. The State, ex rel., v. City of Lawrence, 98 Kan. 808, 810, 811, 160 P. 217.

171. Act governing mutual fire insurance companies broad enough to include property taxation. Freedom Township v. Douglass, 99 Kan. 176, 179, 160 P. 1147.

172. Declaring nonnavigability of rivers and powers to bridge them held single subject. Drainage District v. Railway Co., 99 Kan. 188, 161 P. 937.

173. This provision of the constitution refers wholly to acts of the Legislature; not applicable to ordinances. DePriest v. City of Salina, 101 Kan. 810, 813, 168 P. 872.

174. Act providing compensation for injured workers may provide for surviving dependents. Swader v. Flour Mills Co., 103 Kan. 378, 380, 176 P. 143.

175. Provision for appointment of county surveyor in roads and highways act within scope of title. Cornelius v. Robson, 103 Kan. 467, 468, 173 P. 917.

176. Act contained two subjects, both expressed in title; court was able to determine which subject Legislature would have passed and upheld that portion of act; discusses general rule. Reilly v. Knapp, 105 Kan. 565, 185 P. 47.

177. Act making counties and townships liable for bridge, culvert and highway defects compatible with constitution. Dubourdieu v. Delaware Township, 106 Kan. 650, 189 P. 386.

178. Title of act; creating Industrial Relations Court with penalties for violations held one subject. The State, ex rel., v. Howat, 107 Kan. 423, 430, 191 P. 585; The State v. Scott, 109 Kan. 166, 197 P. 1089; The State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376, 390, 396, 198 P. 686.

179. Title not void because text of act narrower than title. The State, ex rel., v. Posey, 109 Kan. 552, 554, 557, 200 P. 288.

180. No constitutional requirement that title express in detail subject of act. City of Wichita v. Sedgwick County, 110 Kan. 471, 473, 204 P. 693.

181. Act authorizing courthouse construction held supplementary to other legislation, not amendatory. Harling v. Wyandotte County, 110 Kan. 542, 544, 204 P. 763.

182. Title of act concerning impaired persons broad enough to include liability for care. The State v. Bateman, 110 Kan. 546, 548, 204 P. 682.

183. Act concerning internal revenue bonds is supplementary to provisions of existing law. The State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 110 Kan. 603, 604, 204 P. 690.

184. Civil damage provisions must be germane to declared purposes of act. Harris v. Hardesty, 111 Kan. 291, 293, 207 P. 188.

185. Act defining and punishing vagrancy contains one subject. In re Clancy, Petitioner, 112 Kan. 247, 210 P. 487.

186. Adulteration and deceptive sales of certain products with penalties for violations held one subject. American Linseed Oil Co. v. Crumbine, 207 F. 332.

187. Section not to be construed in narrow or technical spirit; code of civil procedure broad enough to include divorce and alimony. Miller v. Miller, 113 Kan. 22, 24, 213 P. 634.

188. Statute touching weekly payment of employees by corporations violates section; subject matter not expressed in title. Livingston v. Oil Co., 113 Kan. 702, 216 P. 296.

189. Title of act need not contain details nor means for accomplishing purpose. Bourke v. Dickson, 115 Kan. 71, 222 P. 94.

190. Title of act relating to Revised Statutes of 1923 is sufficient. State, ex rel., v. Davis, Governor, 116 Kan. 663, 229 P. 757.

191. Title of act relating to fees collected by county attorney in liquor prosecutions insufficient. Heinz v. Larimer, 119 Kan. 861, 241 P. 241.

192. Title of act relating to trimming of hedge fences along highways is sufficient. Chaput v. Demars, 120 Kan. 273, 243 P. 311. Rehearing denied: 120 Kan. 612, 244 P. 1042.

193. When a section is amended and not specifically repealed the court will so consider it. Missouri Pac. Rld. Co. v. Red Star Milling Co., 122 Kan. 122, 126, 251 P. 417.

194. Act relating to attaching adjacent territory to schools is sufficient as to title. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education, 122 Kan. 701, 253 P. 251.

195. Attempt to amend statute purporting to limit authority of boards of education violates section. Atchison, T. & S. F. Rly. Co. v. Board of Education, 123 Kan. 378, 255 P. 60.

196. Cited in construing wage preference statute. Acne Foundry and Machine Co. v. Wampler, 124 Kan. 486, 260 P. 972.

197. Act authorizing cities to issue tax bills does not violate section. State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 125 Kan. 88, 262 P. 1032.

198. Amendment cannot strike out part of section and leave remainder standing. School District v. Hahn, 126 Kan. 117, 267 P. 28.

199. Act barring high schools in districts having property value of less than two million is valid; amendment by implication is not in violation of constitution. State, ex rel., v. Rural High-school District, 126 Kan. 166, 267 P. 2.

200. Title of act authorizing levy of tax for fair is insufficient. Rathjen v. Finley, 126 Kan. 270, 267 P. 967.

201. Act relating to franchises of interurban railway companies sufficiently expressed in title. City of Wichita v. Wichita Gas Co., 126 Kan. 764, 271 P. 270.

202. Act providing for declaration of party affiliations is sufficiently expressed in title. State, ex rel., v. Beggs, 126 Kan. 811, 271 P. 400.

203. Drainage statute construed to contain but one subject. State, ex rel., v. North Wichita Drainage District, 127 Kan. 207, 272 P. 177.

204. Title of act providing for motor-vehicle fuel tax is sufficient. State, ex rel., v. Snell, 127 Kan. 859, 862, 275 P. 209.

205. Reenactment in 1923 revision cures defect in title. State v. Lebow, 128 Kan. 715, 717, 280 P. 773.

206. Objections to sufficiency of title considered and not sustained. State, ex rel., v. McCombs, 129 Kan. 834, 836, 838, 284 P. 618.

207. "Maintenance" in title held to include subletting of airport. Concordia-Arrow Flying Service Corp. v. City of Concordia, 131 Kan. 247, 250, 289 P. 955.

208. Statute (K.S.A. 76-2424) does not repeal K.S.A. 21-726 by implication. State v. Webb, 133 Kan. 650, 652, 3 P.2d 485.

209. Title of K.S.A. 13-1093 held not in violation of constitution. State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 134 Kan. 157, 164, 4 P.2d 422.

210. If text sufficiently covered, surplusage in title does not invalidate. Putnam v. City of Salina, 136 Kan. 637, 647, 17 P.2d 827. Motion for modification denied: 137 Kan. 731, 22 P.2d 957.

211. Title of cash-basis law held not open to constitutional objection. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education, 137 Kan. 451, 455, 21 P.2d 295.

212. Title of utility merchandising act questioned; act held void for other reasons. Capital Gas & Electric Co. v. Boynton, 137 Kan. 717, 719, 721, 22 P.2d 958.

213. Provision (K.S.A. 8-223) of driver's license act void for plurality of subjects. Cashin v. State Highway Comm., 137 Kan. 744, 745, 22 P.2d 939.

214. Title of act providing for federal loan for highways held valid. State, ex rel., v. State Highway Comm., 138 Kan. 913, 915, 28 P.2d 770.

215. Cited in holding state fish and game, federal loan, act unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Atherton, 139 Kan. 197, 204, 212, 30 P.2d 291.

216. State act for federal loan for state highways is constitutional; act is supplemental, does not amend, revive or repeal; act does not contain two subjects. State, ex rel., v. State Highway Comm., 139 Kan. 391, 394, 32 P.2d 493.

217. Act attempting to amend Barnes high-school law held invalid. School Districts v. Stafford County Comm'rs, 141 Kan. 108, 110, 111, 113, 40 P.2d 334.

218. Failure of mortgage moratorium statutes to comply herewith discussed. Kansas City Life Ins. Co. v. Anthony, 142 Kan. 670, 673, 52 P.2d 1208.

219. Section amended by complete revision of act and also superseded by later act; if section is amended the section so amended is repealed by application of the constitution without specific legislative action. Dunn v. Jones, 143 Kan. 218, 224, 53 P.2d 918.

220. Suspension of statute reviewed and held not in violation of this section; act temporarily suspended existing law and did not purport to amend or repeal. Cunningham v. Reno County Comm'rs, 143 Kan. 267, 269, 273, 53 P.2d 870.

221. Statute (25-1714) held not to contravene this section. State v. Freeman, 143 Kan. 315, 318, 55 P.2d 362.

222. Suspension of statute during specified period held valid. Foster v. Harper County Comm'rs., 143 Kan. 361, 364, 55 P.2d 349.

223. Amendatory act and its title examined and held no repeal by implication. Binger v. Shawnee County Comm'rs., 144 Kan. 260, 261, 59 P.2d 24.

224. Workers compensation law provides adequate and appropriate remedy and does not deprive persons of their property without due process of law. Baker v. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Co., 145 Kan. 273, 279, 65 P.2d 284.

225. Bills and joint resolutions must be signed by the governor. Coleman v. Miller, 146 Kan. 390, 396, 71 P.2d 518. Affirmed: 307 U.S. 433, 59 S. Ct. 972, 83 L.Ed. 1385.

226. Cited in holding budget law (79-2925 et seq.) did not make library board taxing subdivision; section did not amend or attempt to amend other act. Fort Scott Board of Library Directors v. Drake, 147 Kan. 157, 158, 160, 75 P.2d 275.

227. Cited; K.S.A. 8-529 of uniform traffic act did not amend K.S.A. 21-420. State v. Gloyd, 148 Kan. 706, 710, 84 P.2d 966.

228. Title of social-welfare act held sufficient to include lien provision (now repealed). Hawkins v. Social Welfare Board, 148 Kan. 760, 764, 84 P.2d 930.

229. Statute providing liability of motor vehicle owner for injury by driver under 16 (K.S.A. 8-222) held valid; reason for rule as to plurality of subjects stated. Shrout v. Rinker, 148 Kan. 820, 821, 822, 823, 84 P.22 974.

230. Title of uniform traffic act (K.S.A. 8-501 et seq.) held sufficient. State v. Cook, 149 Kan. 481, 484, 87 P.2d 648.

231. Title of act amending K.S.A. 79-1954, 79-1969 held valid. Harvey County Comm'rs v. Commission of Revenue and Taxation, 150 Kan. 458, 460, 461, 94 P.2d 332.

232. Section held supplemental and not amendatory of prior law; section held severable from another section held unconstitutional and properly covered by title. Gridley Rural High-school Dist. v. Woodson County Comm'rs, 150 Kan. 704, 707, 708, 712, 85 P.2d 972.

233. Subject matter within scope of title. Rural High School v. Brown County Comm'rs, 153 Kan. 49, 50, 52, 109 P.2d 154.

234. Equalization of high-school tuition act held supplemental and "only indirectly of an amending nature." Miltonvale Rural High School v. Community High School, 153 Kan. 756, 761, 762, 763, 113 P.2d 1095.

235. Title of real estate tax foreclosure act held constitutional. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 154 Kan. 222, 224, 225, 117 P.2d 591.

236. Contention act repeals former act by implication rejected; application to different circumstances in later act. Joint Consolidated School Dist. v. Neosho County Comm'rs, 154 Kan. 238, 240, 117 P.2d 584.

237. Act varying and adding to provisions of prior act held to be an amendment not complying with requirements of this section. Wyandotte County Comm'rs v. General Securities Corp., 157 Kan. 64, 75, 78, 138 P.2d 479.

238. Title of act relating to livestock was sufficiently broad to include penalty for over branding of all livestock and did not contain more than one subject. State v. Morton, 158 Kan. 503, 504, 507, 148 P.2d 760.

239. Statute held supplementary not amendatory; amendments by implication not within purview of this section. Ellis v. Kroger Grocery Co., 159 Kan. 213, 220, 152 P.2d 860.

240. Act clearly indicating intention to change prior law held to be an amendment in violation of section; title to act covered subject matter included. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 161 Kan. 700, 703, 708, 171 P.2d 777.

241. Postwar federal aid highway allotment act valid; title; subject. State, ex rel., v. State Commission of Revenue and Taxation, 163 Kan. 240, 246, 251, 181 P.2d 532.

242. Legislature passed amended bill; governor signed bill without amendment; held bill not presented to governor and void. State, ex rel., v. Robb, 163 Kan. 502, 516, 183 P.2d 223.

243. Curative act validating school districts had one general purpose and did not constitute more than one subject; held not an amendment of prior act unless by implication. State, ex rel., v. School District, 163 Kan. 650, 652, 657, 185 P.2d 677.

244. Inapplicable to amendment by implication or independent acts incidentally restricting existing legislation. Kimminau v. Common School District, 170 Kan. 124, 128, 223 P.2d 689.

245. Act held unconstitutional because the scope of the title was narrower than the subject matter of the bill. Manor Baking Co. v. City of Topeka, 170 Kan. 292, 298, 225 P.2d 89.

246. Title of act amending wrongful death statute held sufficient. Holthaus v. Munsel, 171 Kan. 488, 490, 491, 233 P.2d 747.

247. Mentioned in holding urban redevelopment law unconstitutional; special legislation. Redevelopment Authority of the City of Kansas City v. State Corp. Comm., 171 Kan. 581, 583, 236 P.2d 782.

248. Subject matter held germane and pertinent to general subject and within scope of title. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education, 173 Kan. 780, 782, 784, 785, 252 P.2d 859.

249. Subject matter of repealed section need not be set out in title; citation of section is sufficient. State, ex rel., v. Richardson, 174 Kan. 382, 390, 256 P.2d 135.

250. Alleged restrictive language in title considered; obvious intent of Legislature considered. Eisman v. Martin, 174 Kan. 726, 729, 732, 733, 258 P.2d 296.

251. Laws 1949, ch. 330, §§ 3 and 4 (Ice milk statute). Dairy Belle, Inc. v. Freeland, 175 Kan. 344, 349, 350, 264 P.2d 894.

252. Subject expressed in title indicated by title as a whole not by a single part. City of Lawrence v. Robb, 175 Kan. 495, 498, 502, 265 P.2d 317.

253. Title contains more detail than necessary but not misleading; authority was expressed in title. State, ex rel., v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 176 Kan. 683, 696, 697, 273 P.2d 198.

254. Act attempting to repeal two unrelated statutes void; repeal is not a single subject. State, ex rel., v. Shanahan, 178 Kan. 400, 403, 286 P.2d 742.

255. Defects in title of act cured by 1923 revision. Bond v. Board of County Commissioners, 178 Kan. 668, 670, 290 P.2d 1013.

256. Validity of planning and zoning act raised but not determined. Duggins v. Board of County Commissioners, 179 Kan. 101, 103, 293 P.2d 258.

257. Urban renewal law concerns only one subject, clearly expressed in title. State, ex rel., v. Urban Renewal Agency of Kansas City, 179 Kan. 435, 441, 296 P.2d 656.

258. Contention that joint resolution may not contain more than one subject considered but not determined. State, ex rel., v. Anderson, 180 Kan. 120, 123, 299 P.2d 1078.

259. This section of constitution does not prevent the Legislature from continuing in force the unchanged portions of the amended law; amendment is retrospective so far as it is same as prior law. Pinkston v. Rice Motor Co., 180 Kan. 295, 306, 303 P.2d 197.

260. Title need not be detailed abstract of bill, should indicate scope of act in general terms; new matter in amended act was within scope of title. Water District No. 1 v. Robb, 182 Kan. 2, 9, 11, 18, 19, 318 P.2d 387.

261. Oil and gas severence tax act (Chapter 79, Article 42) title defective; act unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Kirchner, 182 Kan. 437, 438, 321 P.2d 183; 182 Kan. 622, 623, 322 P.2d 750.

262. Mentioned; fair trade act held unconstitutional in part. Quality Oil Co. v. du Pont & Co., 182 Kan. 488, 491, 322 P.2d 731.

263. Section is inapplicable to repeals by implication. Lawton v. Hand, 183 Kan. 694, 697, 331 P.2d 886.

264. Authority to levy occupation taxes beyond scope of title authorizing cities to license (for regulation) occupations. State, ex rel., v. City of Wichita, 184 Kan. 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 335 P.2d 786.

265. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 72-1028 questioned but not decided. Moore v. Starkey, 185 Kan. 26, 27, 340 P.2d 905.

266. Title to act authorizing city to contract with U.S. for water supply valid. State, ex rel., v. City of Wichita, 188 Kan. 1, 87, 360 P.2d 186.

267. Title of act need not be a synopsis or abstract of entire act in all its details. State ex rel., v. City of Pittsburg, 188 Kan. 612, 620, 364 P.2d 71.

268. Title of act relating to par value of shares of foreign life insurance companies (40-209a) does not violate section. Bankers Service Life Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 188 Kan. 783, 786, 788, 790, 366 P.2d 264.

269. Unified school district act unconstitutional; title insufficient; invalid delegation of legislative power. School District, Joint No. 71 v. Throckmorton, 189 Kan. 259, 260, 368 P.2d 367; 189 Kan. 590, 592, 370 P.2d 89.

270. Title of water appropriation act (82a-701 et seq.) clearly expresses the one subject in act; act valid. Williams v. City of Wichita, 190 Kan. 317, 318, 340, 374 P.2d 578.

271. Certificate of title law does not repeal by implication mortgage registration law. Home Finance Corporation v. Cox, 190 Kan. 553, 560, 376 P.2d 884.

272. A title is sufficient if it indicates clearly, though in general terms, the scope of the act. Colorado Interstate Gas Co. v. State Corporation Comm., 192 Kan. 29, 36, 386 P.2d 288. Dismissed: 379 U.S. 131, 85 S. Ct. 272, 13 L.Ed.2d 333.

273. Title to act amending K.S.A. 21-520 does not contain more than one subject. State v. Earley, 192 Kan. 144, 145, 149, 386 P.2d 221.

274. Discussed in determining amendment not in violation of constitutional requirement as to title of bill. Soden v. State Highway Commission, 192 Kan. 241, 242, 246, 387 P.2d 182.

275. Section does not apply to amendments by implication or acts which incidentally restrict existing legislation. Tecumseh School District v. Throckmorton, 195 Kan. 144, 148, 403 P.2d 102.

276. Garnishment statute; subject and title of bill not violative hereof. Wagner v. Mahaffey, 195 Kan. 586, 593, 408 P.2d 602.

277. Subject and title of K.S.A. 16-301 through 16-304, sale of burial property pre-need, not violative hereof. State, ex rel., v. Anderson, 195 Kan. 649, 659, 408 P.2d 864.

278. Act does not amend prior law within meaning of section. Laird & Company v. Cheney, 196 Kan. 675, 678, 687, 414 P.2d 18. Dismissed: 385 U.S. 371, 87 S. Ct. 531, 17 L.Ed.2d 430.

279. Code of civil procedure (Chapter 60) contains only one subject which is expressed in title. State v. Taylor, 198 Kan. 290, 296, 424 P.2d 612.

280. The title to act enacting guest statute (K.S.A. 8-122b) does not contravene requirements of this section. West-over v. Schaffer, 205 Kan. 62, 63, 468 P.2d 251.

281. Title of bill amending school closing act sufficient to indicate scope of act and subject matter germane to purpose of act. Brickell v. Board of Education, 211 Kan. 905, 911, 508 P.2d 996.

282. Section not repealed by implication by Section 6 of Article 1, which authorizes governor to issue reorganization orders. Van Sickle v. Shanahan, 212 Kan. 426, 452, 511 P.2d 223.

283. Title of tobacco products act (79-3370 et seq.) not constitutionally defective on grounds attacked. Kansas Tobacco-Candy Distributors and Vendors, Inc. v. McDonald, 214 Kan. 67, 69, 70, 519 P.2d 1110.

284. Title of no-fault insurance act embraced but one subject, clearly expressed. Manzanares v. Bell, 214 Kan. 589, 592, 617, 522 P.2d 1291.

285. Subject not beyond scope of title; conspiracy statute. State v. Campbell, 217 Kan. 756, 768, 539 P.2d 329.

286. Subject and title of K.S.A. 21-3745 held not violative hereof. State v. Hruska, 219 Kan. 233, 243, 547 P.2d 732.

287. Provisions relating to subject and title of bills inapplicable to city ordinance; K.S.A. 12-3004 applies. Garten Enterprises, Inc. v. City of Kansas City, 219 Kan. 620, 622 549 P.2d 864.

288. Title (K.S.A. 21-3826) broad enough to cover state and local penal institutions. State v. Roseberry, 222 Kan. 715, 716, 717, 567 P.2d 883.

289. 60-1903 valid hereunder; this section of the constitution should be liberally construed. Stueve v. American Honda Motors Co., Inc., 448 F. Supp. 167.

290. Act contains single subject expressed in title. Hiett v. Brier, 2 Kan. App. 2d 610, 615, 617, 618, 586 P.2d 55.

291. Act held to contain two subjects and held invalid in its entirety; repealing clauses of invalid bill held invalid; test for interpreting section detailed. State ex rel. Stephan v. Thiessen, 228 Kan. 136, 612 P.2d 172.

292. Port authorities act (12-3401 et seq.) does not violate Kansas Constitution. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 229 Kan. 538, 626 P.2d 209.

293. Governor has no power to line item veto section of appropriation bill which makes no appropriation; Legislature has no authority to include in appropriation bill section unrelated and not germane to appropriation. State ex rel. Stephan v. Carlin, 229 Kan. 665, 666, 630 P.2d 709 (1981).

294. Port authorities act not violative of section. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 19, 21, 630 P.2d 692 (1981).

295. Subject matter of act properly expressed in title of bill. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 404, 419, 636 P.2d 760 (1981).

296. Inclusion of nonappropriation provision in appropriation bill violates section. State ex rel. Stephan v. Carlin, 230 Kan. 252, 253, 256, 258, 631 P.2d 668 (1981).

297. L. 1981, ch. 32, § 69 (75-3921), constitutes direction by the Legislature as to expenditures; properly enacted in appropriations bill. Manhattan Buildings, Inc. v. Hurley, 231 Kan. 20, 31, 643 P.2d 87 (1981).

298. Bill title properly identifies the subject of the legislation. State v. Lackey, 232 Kan. 478, 481, 657 P.2d 40 (1983).

299. Act contained several "minor" subjects but all relate to the comprehensive subject expressed in the title; thorough discussions of determination of single subject under constitution. State v. Reves, 233 Kan. 972, 980, 666 P.2d 1190 (1983).

300. Provisions of act relative to community colleges and municipal universities, found to be one subject; special legislation no longer prohibited. State ex rel. Stephan v. Board of Lyon County Comm'rs, 234 Kan. 732, 739, 676 P.2d 134 (1984).

301. Cited; subject matter of contraband in penal institutions statute (21-3826) discussed; unauthorized possession prohibited in county jails. State v. Cole, 238 Kan. 370, 372, 710 P.2d 25 (1985).

302. K.S.A. 8-1567(a)(1) related to comprehensive subject contained in bill; did not add a second subject. State v. Larson, 12 Kan. App. 2d 198, 203, 737 P.2d 880 (1987).

303. Minority shareholders' rights to cumulative voting, constitutionality of statute eliminating cumulative voting examined. Metro Mobile CTS, Inc. v. Centel Corp., 694 F. Supp. 806 (1988).

304. K.S.A. 60-3303(e) does not violate provisions relating to subject and title of bills. Harding v. K.C. Wall Products, Inc., 250 Kan. 655, 671, 831 P.2d 958 (1992).

305. The school district finance and quality performance act, which tied educational expenditures and the means of raising associated revenues together, held to have a legitimate connection to the subject of public education financing. U.S.D. No. 229 v. State, 256 Kan. 232, 235, 268, 885 P.2d 1170 (1994).

306. Once a law is repealed by implication, a later repeal of the repealer statute does not operate to revive the law repealed by implication. Sunflower Racing, Inc. v. Board of Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 256 Kan. 426, 439, 885 P.2d 1233 (1994).

307. Consolidation act (12-340 et seq.) is not unconstitutional for containing more than one subject. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Unified Gov. of Wyandotte Co./Kansas City, 264 Kan. 293, 332, 955 P.2d 1136 (1998).

308. Municipal ordinance regulating exotic dancing is not unconstitutional because it contains more than one subject. DPR, Inc. v. City of Pittsburg, 24 Kan. App. 2d 703, 712, 953 P.2d 231 (1998).

309. Section does not forbid combining appropriations and general legislation into a single bill, so long as all provisions of that bill address the same subject; 2014 Senate Substitute for House Bill No. 2506 did not violate the one-subject rule because all of its provisions relate to the same subject of education. Kansas Nat'l Educ. Ass'n v. State, 305 Kan. 739, 387 P.3d 795 (2017).