Previous | Next

§ 17. Uniform operation of laws of a general nature. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the state: Provided, The legislature may designate areas in counties that have become urban in character as "urban areas" and enact special laws giving to any one or more of such counties or urban areas such powers of local government and consolidation of local government as the legislature may deem proper.

History: Adopted by convention, July 29, 1859; ratified by electors, October 4, 1859; L. 1861, p. 53; L. 1905, ch. 543, § 1; 1953 Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 13, § 1; L. 1974, ch. 458, § 1; November 5, 1974.

Law Review and Bar Journal References:

Contested Estate Matters After Court Unification, Calvin J. Karlin, 48 J.B.A.K. 97, 103 (1979).

Rezoning in Kansas: Legislation, Adjudication, or Confusion, Simon B. Buckner IV, 30 K.L.R. 571, 573, 594 (1982).

The Collateral Source Rule-The American Medical Association and Tort Reform, Banks McDowell, 24 W.L.J. 205, 218 (1985).

Caps, 'Crisis,' and Constitutionality—Evaluating the 1986 Kansas Medical Malpractice Legislation, Elizabeth Schartz, 35 K.L.R. 763, 815 (1987).

Home Rule Power for Cities and Counties in Kansas, Michael R. Heim, 66 J.K.B.A. No. 1, 26 (1997).

Victim's Rights Versus Special Interest: A Difficult Choice for the Kansas Legislature in Its Fight to Abrogate the Collateral Source Rule, Melinda Young, 45 W.L.J. 135 (2005).

Attorney General's Opinions:

Federal jurisdiction; surplus property and public airport act; certain counties and cities. 79-285.

Legislative article; uniform operation of laws of a general nature. 80-199.

Limitations on tax levies; charter resolution exempting county from limitation on tax levy for library. 81-34.

Cities, third class; public improvements; act made applicable to specific named unit of local government. 81-275.

Counties and county officers; planning and zoning; regulations inapplicable to agricultural purposes; home rule authority. 85-39.

System of taxation; classification; exemptions; uniform and equal provisions of constitution. 91-71.

Constitutional amendment to allow casinos only where parimutuel wagering is authorized. 93-145.

Property tax accumulated interest amnesty program in Wyandotte county; uniform operation of law; constitutionality. 94-89.

County and city retailers' sales tax; election required; validation of election. 95-22.

County-city consolidation; legislative authority; delegation and guidelines. 97-21.

CASE ANNOTATIONS

1. Laws of 1895, ch. 271, legalizing printer's affidavit, valid. Inlow v. Graham County, 6 Kan. App. 391, 394, 395, 51 P. 65.

2. Laws of 1895, ch. 126, fees and salaries, valid. Lowe v. Bourbon County, 6 Kan. App. 603, 606, 51 P. 579.

3. Legislature to determine whether general law could be made applicable. The State, ex rel., v. Hitchcock, 1 Kan. 178, 184.

4. Did not have retroactive effect of abrogating laws previously passed. The State v. Thompson, et al., 2 Kan. 432, 437.

5. Act concerning grand juries, valid. Rice v. State, 3 Kan. 141, 168.

6. Section 15 of dramshop act held constitutional. The State v. Young, et al., 3 Kan. 445, 446, 449.

7. Act permitting municipal aid to railroads, held valid. Leavenworth County v. Miller, 7 Kan. 479, 490, 491.

8. Act providing for herd law in certain specified counties unconstitutional. Darling v. Rodgers, 7 Kan. 592, 599. Questioned: Rambo v. Larrabee, 67 Kan. 634, 643, 73 P. 915.

9. Taxation in aid of private enterprise void. National Bank v. City of Iola, 9 Kan. 689, 692.

10. Special acts conferring corporate powers void. Gilmore v. Norton, 10 Kan. 491, 504.

11. Act authorizing certain school districts to issue bonds, valid. Beach v. Leahy, Treas., 11 Kan. 23, 26.

12. Act applying only when county commissioners so elect held valid. Noffzigger v. McAllister, 12 Kan. 315, 321.

13. County commissioners cannot apply act in parts of county only. Keys v. Snyder, 15 Kan. 143.

14. Act of general nature, restricted in operation, held void. Robinson v. Perry, 17 Kan. 248, 250. Questioned: Rambo v. Larrabee, 67 Kan. 634, 643, 73 P. 915.

15. Exception in exemption law, relative to claims for wages, valid. McBride v. Reitz, 19 Kan. 123, 126.

16. Act taxing railroads in unorganized counties held constitutional. Francis, Treas., v. A.T. & S.F. Rld. Co., 19 Kan. 303.

17. Act regulating certain salaries in certain counties held valid. Comm'rs of Norton Co. v. Shoemaker, 27 Kan. 77, 78, 79.

18. Act requiring railroad to take bond to protect subcontractors, valid. Mann v. Corrigan, 28 Kan. 194, 197.

19. Dramshop act does not conflict with this section. Jockers v. Borgman, 29 Kan. 109.

20. Special act excluding certain land from Wyandotte city, held unconstitutional. Gray v. Crockett, 30 Kan. 138, 142, 1 P. 50.

21. Laws of 1879, ch. 80, voters' registration law, valid. The State v. Butts, 31 Kan. 537, 2 P. 618.

22. Special act authorizing school district to issue bonds, held valid. Knowles v. Board of Education, 33 Kan. 692, 699, 7 P. 561.

23. Special act vacating streets in different cities in state constitutional. City of Wichita v. Burleigh, 36 Kan. 34, 41, 42, 12 P. 332.

24. Laws of 1874, ch. 93, negligence of railway employees, valid. A.T. & S.F. Rld. Co. v. Koehler, Adm'x, 37 Kan. 463, 15 P. 567.

25. Metropolitan police act, ch. 100, Laws of 1887, held valid. The State, ex rel., v. Hunter, 38 Kan. 578, 589, 17 P. 177.

26. Fire from railroad prima facie evidence of negligence, held constitutional. Mo. Pac. Rly. Co. v. Merrill, 40 Kan. 404, 19 P. 793.

27. Legislature determines whether purpose can be accomplished by general act. The State, ex rel., v. Sanders, 42 Kan. 228, 233, 21 P. 1073; Hughes v. Milligan, 42 Kan. 396, 399, 22 P. 313; Comm'rs of Barber Co. v. Smith, 48 Kan. 331, 334, 29 P. 565.

28. Act providing for organization of county high schools, held constitutional. Koester v. Comm'rs of Atchison Co., 44 Kan. 141, 143, 24 P. 65.

29. Laws of 1874, ch. 128, case disposed of without passing on validity. The State v. Moon, 45 Kan. 145, 146, 25 P. 614.

30. Laws of 1879, ch. 102, authorizing foreign executor to convey property, valid. Calloway v. Cooley, 50 Kan. 743, 753, 32 P. 372.

31. Act creating municipal township of certain territory, held constitutional enactment. The State, ex rel., v. Lewelling, 51 Kan. 562, 565, 33 P. 425.

32. Act establishing a county high school, held valid. Eichholtz v. Martin, 53 Kan. 486, 487, 36 P. 1064.

33. K.S.A. 21-1909 held to have uniform operation throughout the state. In re Tutt, Petitioner, 55 Kan. 705, 41 P. 957.

34. Act creating city court of Kansas City, held valid. In re Greer, 58 Kan. 268, 271, 48 P. 950.

35. Act creating city court of Topeka, held valid. Chesney v. McClintock, 61 Kan. 94, 100, 58 P. 993.

36. Act fixing fees of probate judge in certain county, constitutional. Campbell v. Labette County, 63 Kan. 377, 380, 65 P. 679.

37. Act dissolving certain school districts and attaching to another, valid. Ash v. Thorp, 65 Kan. 60, 62, 68 P. 1067.

38. Power to fix penalty for nonpayment of taxes, not limited. Railway Co. v. Miami County, 67 Kan. 434, 438, 73 P. 103.

39. Section mandatory; whether law general or special, question for courts. Rambo v. Larrabee, 67 Kan. 634, 648, 73 P. 915.

40. Laws of 1883, ch. 34, validating certain ordinances, held valid. Leavenworth v. Water Co., 69 Kan. 82, 94, 76 P. 451.

41. "Law of general nature" and "general law" distinguished. Richardson v. Board of Education, 72 Kan. 629, 633, 636, 84 P. 538.

42. Laws applicable to class of cities according to population, distinguished. Parker-Washington Co. v. Kansas City, 73 Kan. 722, 724, 85 P. 781.

43. Laws of 1905, ch. 101, certain cities issue bonds, valid. Belleville v. Wells, 74 Kan. 823, 827, 88 P. 47.

44. Laws of 1901, ch. 366, public improvements, protest, law valid. Clarke v. Lawrence, 75 Kan. 26, 27, 33, 88 P. 735.

45. Laws of 1907, ch. 141, erection permanent county buildings, valid. The State v. Butler County, 77 Kan. 527, 533, 94 P. 1004.

46. Determination as to whether act is general or special law, is a judicial question. Anderson v. Cloud County, 77 Kan. 721, 95 P. 583.

47. Laws of 1907, ch. 244, organizing union school district, unconstitutional. Gardner v. The State, 77 Kan. 742, 743, 751, 95 P. 588.

48. Laws of 1907, ch. 368, special county high-school building, invalid. Deng v. County of Scott, 77 Kan. 863, 95 P. 592.

49. Laws of 1907, ch. 179, city court of Chanute, unconstitutional. The State v. Nation, 78 Kan. 394, 401, 96 P. 659.

50. Amendment of 1906 is not retroactive in effect. Stephens v. Labette County, 79 Kan. 153, 154, 160, 98 P. 790.

51. Laws of 1908, ch. 52, circuit court of Wyandotte county, unconstitutional. The State v. Hutchings, 79 Kan. 191, 201, 98 P. 797.

52. Laws of 1907, ch. 250, blackpowder in coal mines, valid. In re Williams, 79 Kan. 212, 214, 217, 98 P. 777. Affirmed: Williams v. Walsh, 222 U.S. 415, 32 S. Ct. 137, 56 L.Ed. 253.

53. General or special law determined by subject matter, not form. The State v. Lawrence, 79 Kan. 234, 260, 100 P. 485.

54. Amendment of 1906 does not apply to laws previously passed. The State v. Cox, 79 Kan. 530, 532, 99 P. 1128.

55. Laws of 1907, ch. 114, commission government for cities, valid. Cole v. Dorr, 80 Kan. 251, 256, 101 P. 1016.

56. Laws of 1907, ch. 183, witness fees, public officers, valid. Claflin v. Wyandotte County, 81 Kan. 57, 58, 105 P. 19.

57. Laws of 1909, part ch. 264, K.S.A. 83-101 et seq., herein, weights and measures, valid. The State v. Creamery Co., 83 Kan. 389, 394, 111 P. 474.

58. Laws of 1909, chs. 210 and 215, county high schools, valid enactments. The State v. Pauley, 83 Kan. 456, 461, 112 P. 141.

59. Partial repeal of special law by special law not prohibited. The State v. Prather, 84 Kan. 169, 170, 174, 112 P. 829.

60. Laws of 1911, ch. 259, bonded indebtedness, school purposes, unconstitutional. Board of Education v. Davis, 87 Kan. 286, 288, 123 P. 885.

61. Laws of 1907, ch. 210, undersheriffs in certain counties, unconstitutional. Gustafson v. McPherson County, 88 Kan. 335, 338, 128 P. 186.

62. Laws of 1907, ch. 88, bridges in Neosho county, unconstitutional. Railway Co. v. Neosho County, 89 Kan. 209, 131 P. 581.

63. Laws of 1874, ch. 15, suppression of gambling on fairgrounds, valid. The State, ex rel., v. Fair Association, 89 Kan. 238, 246, 131 P. 626.

64. Laws of 1909, ch. 248, inheritance tax law, held valid. The State, ex rel., v. Cline, 91 Kan. 416, 417, 137 P. 932.

65. Laws of 1911, ch. 222, bathhouses at mines, valid. The State v. Reaser, 93 Kan. 628, 629, 145 P. 838.

66. Cited in discussing uniform operation of freight rates throughout the state. Railroad Co. v. Utilities Commission, 95 Kan. 604, 612, 148 P. 667.

67. Laws of 1911, ch. 263, aid to high schools, valid. The State, ex rel., v. Hilty, 97 Kan. 91, 92, 154 P. 214.

68. Laws of 1913, ch. 124, city bonds, valid. Hartzler v. City of Goodland, 97 Kan. 129, 135, 154 P. 265.

69. Validity of special legislation may be judicially reviewed. Hicks v. Davis, 97 Kan. 312, 316, 154 P. 1030.

70. Laws of 1915, ch. 196, city court, void. The State, ex rel., v. Deming, 98 Kan. 420, 427, 158 P. 34.

71. Laws of 1915, ch. 371, regulation of commission merchants, valid. The State, ex rel., v. Mohler, 98 Kan. 465, 158 P. 408. Affirmed: Payne v. Kansas, 248 U.S. 112, 39 S. Ct. 32, 63 L.Ed. 153.

72. Laws of 1905, ch. 276, listing insurance company's property, valid. Freedom Township v. Douglas, 99 Kan. 176, 179, 160 P. 1147.

73. Laws of 1919, ch. 161, relocation of county seat, unconstitutional in part. Patrick v. Haskell County, 105 Kan. 153, 160, 181 P. 611.

74. Laws of 1921, ch. 155, erection of courthouses, valid. Harling v. Wyandotte County, 110 Kan. 542, 546, 204 P. 763.

75. Laws of 1921, ch. 254, organization of rural high schools, unconstitutional. The State, ex rel., v. High-school Districts, 112 Kan. 616, 617, 212 P. 69.

76. Laws of 1921, ch. 88, bridges, unconstitutional. Wyandotte County v. Kansas City, 112 Kan. 639, 642, 212 P. 70.

77. Laws of 1921, ch. 255, soldiers' bonus bill, valid. The State, ex rel., v. Davis, 113 Kan. 4, 11, 213 P. 171.

78. Law not special because only one city of population designated. Metropolitan Water Co. v. Kansas City, 164 F. 738.

79. Act relating to creation of zoning districts does not violate uniformity clause. Ware v. City of Wichita, 113 Kan. 153, 214 P. 99, 100.

80. Special act attempting to create city court of Arkansas City is void. Howard v. McIntosh, 118 Kan. 591, 235 P. 1034.

81. Act restricting as to population which may later be reached by other counties is not special. State, ex rel., v. Russell, 119 Kan. 266, 237 P. 877.

82. Act providing for trimming of hedge fences on highways does not violate section. Chaput v. Demars, 120 Kan. 273, 243 P. 311. Rehearing denied: 120 Kan. 612, 244 P. 1042.

83. Act relating to boards of trade construed to be general. Farmers Cooperative Commission Co. v. Wichita Board of Trade, 121 Kan. 348, 246 P. 511.

84. Act relating to bridges and approaches in certain counties held to be special and repugnant to section. Ashley v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 121 Kan. 408, 247 P. 859.

85. Act attaching adjacent territory to schools does not violate uniformity clause. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education, 122 Kan. 701, 253 P. 251.

86. Act under which Kansas Wheat Growers Association organized does not violate section. Wheat Growers Ass'n v. Rowan, 123 Kan. 169, 254 P. 326; Wheat Growers Ass'n v. Goering, 123 Kan. 508, 256 P. 119.

87. Special act altering corporate limits possibly violates section. Wellman v. City of Burr Oak, 124 Kan. 780, 262 P. 607.

88. Statute authorizing cities of certain population to issue tax bills is not special. State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 125 Kan. 88, 262 P. 1032.

89. Act providing for sale of courthouse site although by population restricted to single county, is not special. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 126 Kan. 170, 267 P. 1. Same rule applied to act for organization of drainage district. State, ex rel., v. North Wichita Drainage District, 127 Kan. 207, 272 P. 177.

90. Act providing for courthouse at Fort Scott does not violate section. Connolly v. Bourbon County Comm'rs, 128 Kan. 452, 278 P. 714.

91. Act creating city courts held constitutional. State, ex rel., v. Smith, 130 Kan. 228, 230, 285 P. 542.

92. Classification based on population and assessed valuation valid. State, ex rel., v. French, 130 Kan. 464, 467, 286 P. 204.

93. K.S.A. 13-1093 held not in violation of constitution. State, ex rel., v. Kansas City, 134 Kan. 157, 164, 4 P.2d 422.

94. Act dispensing with biennial election in Kansas City held valid. Murray v. Payne, 137 Kan. 685, 687, 21 P.2d 333.

95. Act detaching land from school district and adding to another held void. State, ex rel., v. School District, 140 Kan. 171, 34 P.2d 102.

96. Taxicab license ordinance held not in violation of this section. Home Cab Co. v. City of Wichita, 140 Kan. 451, 453, 36 P.2d 1012.

97. Wyandotte county grand jury act held to violate this section. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 140 Kan. 744, 746, 748, 750, 39 P.2d 286.

98. Cited in construing and discussing acts creating city courts. Clark v. Murray, 141 Kan. 533, 534, 41 P.2d 1042.

99. Proviso of L. 1933, ch. 216, § 1, relating to divorce of military reservation inhabitants held valid. Craig v. Craig, 143 Kan. 624, 629, 56 P.2d 464. Clarification denied: 144 Kan. 155, 59 P.2d 1101.

100. 1935 soil-erosion act held general in nature, but not uniform in operation; invalid. State, ex rel., v. Hardwick, 144 Kan. 3, 8, 57 P.2d 1231.

101. Proviso of K.S.A. 72-3504 relating to organization of rural high-school districts valid. State, ex rel., v. Storey, 144 Kan. 311, 314, 58 P.2d 1051.

102. History and interpretation of section reviewed. In re Naff, 144 Kan. 424, 426, 61 P.2d 129.

103. Section 72-2505 relating to payment of tuition by community high-school districts valid. School District v. Community High School, 146 Kan. 380, 384, 69 P.2d 1102.

104. Act relating to sale of cereal-malt beverages operates uniformly. Johnson v. Reno County Comm'rs, 147 Kan. 211, 213, 225, 75 P.2d 849.

105. Rules for determining whether law violates this section stated and applied. Barker v. Kansas City, 149 Kan. 696, 697, 698, 699, 703, 704, 88 P.2d 1071; Thompson v. Reno County Comm'rs, 152 Kan. 610, 612, 613, 106 P.2d 700; Rural High School v. Brown County Comm'rs, 153 Kan. 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 109 P.2d 154.

106. Laws 1937, chapter 144 (K.S.A. 13-2239 et seq.), creating civil service law for certain cities, unconstitutional. Owens v. City of Coffeyville, 151 Kan. 263, 265, 266, 267, 98 P.2d 415.

107. Laws 1927, chapter 34 (K.S.A. 58-2250 et seq.), relating to real property option agreements in certain cities, unconstitutional. Stevens v. McDowell, 151 Kan. 316, 322, 323, 98 P.2d 410.

108. Laws of 1939, ch. 248 (K.S.A. 68-738, 68-739), relating to benefit district roads, unconstitutional. Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. Miami County Comm'rs, 151 Kan. 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 99 P.2d 828.

109. Filled-milk statute (K.S.A. 65-707, paragraph 2, sub-division F) held constitutional. Carolene Products Co. v. Mohler, 152 Kan. 2, 4, 102 P.2d 1044; State, ex rel., v. Sage Stores Co., 157 Kan. 404, 408, 427, 141 P.2d 655. Rehearing denied: 157 Kan. 622, 143 P.2d 652. Affirmed: 323 U.S. 32, 65 S. Ct.9, 89 L.Ed.25.

110. Cited; Laws 1939, ch. 92 (K.S.A. 10-417, 10-421), relating to refunding bonds, held unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. School Fund Commission, 152 Kan. 427, 431, 103 P.2d 801.

111. Johnson county airport act (K.S.A. 3-301 through 3-307) held valid as special act. Higgins v. Johnson County Comm'rs, 153 Kan. 280; 153 Kan. 560, 561, 564, 565, 566, 112 P.2d 128.

112. Equalization of high-school tuition act (K.S.A. 72-3804, 72-3805) held valid. Miltonvale Rural High School v. Community High School, 153 Kan. 756, 761, 113 P.2d 1095.

113. Act fixing four-year term for city court officers held valid. Powers v. Thorn, 155 Kan. 758, 761, 768, 775, 129 P.2d 254.

114. Benefit road district reimbursement act applying only to county unit counties invalid; arbitrary classification. State, ex rel., v. Allen County Comm'rs, 156 Kan. 248, 250, 252, 255, 133 P.2d 165.

115. Act which applies to public utility corporations "operating in not more than four counties" makes a valid classification; not unconstitutional. Edwards County Comm'rs v. Simmons, 159 Kan. 41, 51, 151 P.2d 960.

116. City employees' pension act held invalid; special legislation; classification. Berentz v. Comm'rs of Coffeyville, 159 Kan. 58, 62, 63, 65, 66, 152 P.2d 53.

117. Wyandotte county election commissioner act (K.S.A. 19-3401 through 19-3418) held special and invalid. State, ex rel., v. Schoeppel, 160 Kan. 395, 398, 399, 162 P.2d 80.

118. Laws 1945, chapter 179 (K.S.A. 19-2731 through 19-2752) relating to sewer districts, valid; general legislation. Johnson County Comm'rs v. Robb, 161 Kan. 683, 686, 687, 171 P.2d 784.

119. Laws 1945, chapter 278 (K.S.A. 68-1223, 68-1224) relating to bridges, contravenes provisions of section. State, ex rel., v. Wyandotte County Comm'rs, 161 Kan. 700, 703, 705, 707, 171 P.2d 777.

120. Street improvement act applying only to Kansas City held special and invalid. Carson v. Kansas City, 162 Kan. 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 177 P.2d 212.

121. Statute only affecting taxing districts near military reservations (79-2941) held valid. Miller v. Hickory Grove School Board, 162 Kan. 528, 532, 178 P.2d 214.

122. Legislature may select subjects to which excise tax applies. Farmers Union C.C.E. v. Director of Revenue, 163 Kan. 266, 267, 268, 181 P.2d 541.

123. Mentioned in holding 1945 and 1947 school reorganization acts unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Hines, 163 Kan. 300, 307, 182 P.2d 865.

124. Laws 1941, ch. 122, § 11, held invalid; special law. City of Kansas City v. Robb, 164 Kan. 577, 579, 190 P.2d 398.

125. K.S.A. 44-504 limiting time for widow to bring wrongful death action valid. Elam v. Bruenger, 165 Kan. 31, 34, 40, 193 P.2d 225.

126. Law applying to all members of a class is not special; validity of classification. Board of County Comm'rs v. Robb, 166 Kan. 122, 123, 124, 131, 132, 133, 199 P.2d 530.

127. Act prescribing county superintendents' qualifications in counties over 14,999 population held valid. Miller v. Jackson, 166 Kan. 141, 143, 199 P.2d 513.

128. Constitutionality of Unfair Practices Act (Chapter 50, Article 4) mentioned but not determined. State v. Commercial Candy Co., 166 Kan. 432, 433, 436, 201 P.2d 1034.

129. Act taxing leased railway cars (79-906 et seq.) held valid. Associated Rly. Equipment Owners v. Wilson, 167 Kan. 608, 609, 614, 619, 620, 208 P.2d 604.

130. Tests for determining constitutionality stated; construed liberally as applied to school legislation. Board of Education of School Dist. No. 1 v. Robb, 168 Kan. 368, 369, 370, 373, 374, 212 P.2d 306.

131. Classification of city based solely on population makes law general and valid. State, ex rel., v. City of Topeka, 168 Kan. 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 215 P.2d 644.

132. Corporation commission's order fixing minimum wellhead price for natural gas in Hugoton field only held valid. Kansas-Nebraska Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 169 Kan. 722, 723, 733, 222 P.2d 704. Rehearing denied: 170 Kan. 341, 225 P.2d 1054.

133. Urban redevelopment law (K.S.A. 17-4701 through 17-4723) held invalid. Redevelopment Authority of the City of Kansas City v. State Corp. Comm., 171 Kan. 581, 583, 587, 589, 595, 236 P.2d 782.

134. Laws 1949, chapter 385 (72-5715), providing for special high-school equalization fund, unconstitutional. Missouri Pacific Rld. Co. v. Board of County Comm'rs, 172 Kan. 80, 83, 238 P.2d 462.

135. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 39-364 [repealed] held to be moot question. State, ex rel., v. Board of County Comm'rs, 172 Kan. 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 609, 610, 242 P.2d 527.

136. Laws 1951 ch. 12 (K.S.A. 2-1907a), relating to soil conservation districts, held invalid. State, ex rel., v. Board of County Comm'rs, 173 Kan. 367, 368, 371, 245 P.2d 1181.

137. Laws 1951, ch. 421 (72-2019), relating to common-school district bonds held unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Board of Education of Common School District, 173 Kan. 532, 536, 249 P.2d 689.

138. Act authorizing combined waterworks and sewage disposal system held valid. City of Lawrence v. Robb, 175 Kan. 495, 498, 499, 500, 502, 505, 265 P.2d 317.

139. Redevelopment authority law (Chapter 17, Article 47) held invalid. State, ex rel., v. Redevelopment Authority of Kansas City,176 Kan. 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 269 P.2d 484.

140. Laws of 1953, ch. 83, § 1 (13-1024), relating to public improvement bonds held unconstitutional. State, ex rel., v. Tucker, 176 Kan. 192, 193, 194, 269 P.2d 447.

141. Mentioned but not applied in holding parimutuel betting on dog races violates constitution. State, ex rel., v. Bissing, 178 Kan. 111, 119, 283 P.2d 418.

142. Proviso (72-2017) exempting certain school districts from bond limitations held valid. Common School District No. 6 v. Robb, 179 Kan. 162, 164, 165, 166, 293 P.2d 230.

143. K.S.A. 79-3603, taxing receipts from vending machines held valid. Stevens Enterprises, Inc., v. State Commission of Revenue & Taxation, 179 Kan. 696, 703, 704, 706, 298 P.2d 326.

144. Urban renewal law (17-4742 et seq.) held valid. State, ex rel., v. Urban Renewal Agency of Kansas City, 179 Kan. 435, 436, 437, 296 P.2d 656.

145. Population requirement of act (28-208 et seq.) does not constitute special legislation. State, ex rel., v. Board of County Commissioners, 180 Kan. 168, 174, 302 P.2d 542.

146. School bond election law (72-2018) not special legislation. McDonald v. Joint Rural High School District No. 9, 180 Kan. 563, 564, 565, 306 P.2d 175.

147. Inclusion of owner's premises in definition of apartment house (36-104) constitutional. State v. Pendarvis, 181 Kan. 560, 561, 563, 565, 313 P.2d 237.

148. Rules for determining constitutionality under section discussed and applied. Parmelee v. Ziegler, 181 Kan. 703, 705, 706, 708, 314 P.2d 340.

149. Curative act (L. 1957, ch. 192) not within scope of prohibition against special legislation. Water District No. 1 v. Robb, 182 Kan. 2, 11, 19, 318 P.2d 387.

150. Ordinance may not make act penal when done by one person and impose no penalty for the same act done by another. City of Derby v. Hiegert, 183 Kan. 68, 325 P.2d 25.

151. Little Arkansas River Watershed District Act unconstitutional; guides for determination of constitutionality of special law stated and applied. State, ex rel., v. Hodgson, 183 Kan. 272, 276, 285, 326 P.2d 752.

152. Action questioning validity of proceedings to incorporate a sewer district cannot be maintained by a private individual; court refused to rule on whether statute violated this section. Bishop v. Sewer District No. 1, 184 Kan. 376, 377, 336 P.2d 815.

153. Section inapplicable to state corporation commission's gas proration orders or regulations. Stevens v. State Corporation Commission, 185 Kan. 190, 196, 197, 200, 341 P.2d 1021.

154. Unfair practices act (Chapter 50, Article 4) violates this section; entire act invalid. State, ex rel., v. Consumers Warehouse Market, 185 Kan. 363, 366, 367, 369, 371, 373, 343 P.2d 234.

155. Constitutionality of K.S.A. 13-1011c not properly raised; therefore not determined. Newson v. City of Wichita, 186 Kan. 444, 454, 351 P.2d 10.

156. Statute (K.S.A. 12-2716, 12-2717) authorizing city to contract with U.S. for water supply valid. State, ex rel., v. City of Wichita, 188 Kan. 1, 7, 360 P.2d 186.

157. Proviso in K.S.A. 19-1602 applying only to counties between 3,000 and 3,450 population held general and valid. State, ex rel., v. Board of County Commissioners, 188 Kan. 318, 320, 362 P.2d 81.

158. Corporation commission's order requiring ratable taking of gas by all purchasing companies issued under K.S.A. 55-703 upheld. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 351, 354, 362 P.2d 609; Northern Natural Gas Co. v. State Corporation Commission, 188 Kan. 355, 360, 362 P.2d 599. Rehearing denied: 188 Kan. 624, 364 P.2d 668.

159. "Sunday Closing Law" of 1963 held invalid and unconstitutional. Boyer v. Ferguson, 192 Kan. 607, 611, 613, 614, 616, 389 P.2d 775.

160. Garnishment statute, K.S.A. 60-2310(d) is not in violation of requirement of uniform operation. Wagner v. Mahaffey, 195 Kan. 586, 592, 408 P.2d 602.

161. Considered in upholding constitutionality of 1965 Supp. 41-2601 et seq., the private club act. Tri-State Hotel Co. v. Londerholm, 195 Kan. 748, 751, 764, 408 P.2d 877.

162. Considered; upholding constitutionality of K.S.A. 50-503(a) of the dairy practices act. State, ex rel., v. Fairmont Foods Co., 196 Kan. 73, 82, 83, 410 P.2d 308.

163. Provisions of K.S.A. 80-2178 et seq., not in violation hereof. DeForest v. Herbert, 204 Kan. 516, 518, 520, 464 P.2d 265.

164. No-fault insurance act (40-3101 et seq.) held constitutional. Manzanares v. Bell, 214 Kan. 589, 617, 522 P.2d 1291.

165. Grandfather provisions of port authorities act not violative of section. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 19, 22, 630 P.2d 692 (1981).

166. Shorter statute of limitations for tort actions against health care providers not unconstitutional special legislation. Stephens v. Snyder Clinic Ass'n, 230 Kan. 115, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 631 P.2d 222 (1981).

167. Application of statute based on location of federal reservoir in county does not violate section. Sossoman v. Board of County Comm'rs, 230 Kan. 210, 212, 630 P.2d 1154 (1981).

168. Curative action in Port Authority bill not violative of constitution as special legislation; laws of a general nature construed. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 404, 422, 423, 636 P.2d 760 (1981).

169. Statute prohibiting annexation of military reservation does not violate uniform application provision. Board of Riley County Comm'rs v. City of Junction City, 233 Kan. 947, 956, 959, 667 P.2d 868 (1983).

170. Statute prohibiting counties from exempting selves from out-district tuition act operates uniformly. State ex rel. Stephan v. Board of Lyon County Comm'rs, 234 Kan. 732, 739, 676 P.2d 134 (1984).

171. Section no longer prohibits special legislation; Thomas county hospital assets transfer act (K.S.A. 19-18,133, 19-18,134) held constitutional. Ullrich v. Board of Thomas County Comm'rs, 234 Kan. 782, 786, 787, 676 P.2d 127 (1984).

172. Present system for appointment of legal counsel, as administered, (K.S.A. 22-4501 et seq.) violates constitution. State ex rel. Stephan v. Smith, 242 Kan. 336, 337, 338, 747 P.2d 816 (1987).

173. Difference in procedural rules for district and municipal courts in charging DUI do not violate constitutional rights. City of Tonganoxie v. Jack, 13 Kan. App. 2d 718, 722, 779 P.2d 34 (1989).

174. Whether the school district finance and quality performance act (L. 1992, ch. 280) violates uniform operation requirements examined. U.S.D. No. 229 v. State, 256 Kan. 232, 235, 272, 885 P.2d 1170 (1994).

175. Appellate courts lack jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenge to statute when parties have settled disputed claims. Labette Community College v. Board of Crawford County Comm'rs, 258 Kan. 622, 623, 907 P.2d 127 (1995).

176. Consolidation act (12-340 et seq.) is not unconstitutional as a nonuniform operation of laws of a general nature. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Unified Gov. of Wyandotte Co./Kansas City, 264 Kan. 293, 320, 955 P.2d 1136 (1998).

177. Act (12-1770 et seq.) operates with geographic uniformity in state notwithstanding boundary description for race track in Wyandotte county. State ex rel. Tomasic v. Unified Gov't of Wyandotte County/Kansas City, 265 Kan. 779, 798, 962 P.2d 543 (1998).

178. Cited in opinion discussing annexation statutes; K.S.A. 12-520(c) held constitutional. Dillon Real Estate v. City of Topeka, 284 Kan. 662, 670, 671, 163 P.3d 298 (2007).